Minimum immunization coverage and maternal factors associated with childhood vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Somalia

Level of Compliance with the Vaccination Scheme in Children Under 1 Year

Adherence to the vaccination schedule among children younger than one year was insufficient, highlighting the need to strengthen educational interventions for parents, improve access to vaccination services, and implement strategies that promote timely childhood immunization in primary healthcare settings.

Household and Maternal Determinants of Childhood Immunization Uptake in Nigeria: An Econometric Analysis of National Survey Data

Childhood immunisation is a cost-effective public health intervention for preventing vaccine-preventable diseases and reducing mortality among children under five years of age. Despite sustained efforts by the Nigerian Government and development partners to improve coverage, national immunisation levels remain below national and international targets, with persistent socioeconomic and geographical disparities. This study evaluated the effects of maternal and household characteristics on childhood immunisation uptake in Nigeria using secondary data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted, and the study population comprised mothers and their children aged 12–23 months. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise respondents’ characteristics. Associations between the explanatory variables and childhood immunisation were assessed using the survey-adjusted chi-squared test, while survey-weighted binary logistic regression estimated the independent effects of maternal and household characteristics after accounting for the complex survey design. The findings indicated that higher maternal education, greater household wealth, at least four antenatal care visits, delivery in a health facility, urban residence, and exposure to mass media were positively associated with full immunisation. Higher parity was associated with lower odds of full immunisation, while maternal education was the strongest predictor of vaccination uptake. The study recommends strengthening female education and maternal health services, improving rural infrastructure, reducing socioeconomic barriers, reinforcing health promotion, and enhancing intersectoral coordination to support equitable access to childhood immunisation.

Magnitude of childhood immunization and its associated factors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A mixed effect count regression analysis

Background Childhood immunization is an important part of public health efforts to reduce morbidity and mortality from diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the lowest childhood immunization coverage and the highest child mortality rate in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to assess community variation in childhood immunization and to identify determinant factors associated with childhood immunization using mixed effect count regression models. Method This study used data from the 2012–2022 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), which included 195,000 children between the ages of 12 and 23 months in 33 SSA countries. A various mixed-effects count regression model were employed to identify the variables associated with the prevalence of childhood vaccination. Result In SSA, the mean average childhood immunization was 5.47 (95% CI = 5.46, 5.48), with an 8.38 variance. The mixed effect zero-inflated Poisson model fit the data the best, with the lowest DIC, AIC, and BIC values. The results of the model showed that working mothers, mothers with secondary or higher education (IRR = 1.119; 95% CI: 1.114, 1.125), rich wealth status (IRR = 1.077; 95% CI: 1.073, 1.082), having a health card (IRR = 1.265; 95% CI: 1.258, 1.271), being exposed to the media (IRR = 1.082; 95%CI: 1.077, 1.086), institutional delivery (IRR = 1.168; 95% CI: 1.163, 1.174), receiving eight or more ANC visits (IRR = 1.301; 95% CI: 1.288, 1.314), receiving vitamin A (IRR = 1.350; 95% CI: 1.344, 1.355), using a contraceptive (IRR = 1.187; 95% CI: 1.182, 1.192) and receiving Postnatal Care (PNC) (IRR = 1.075; 95% CI: 1.071, 1.080), were associated with a higher incidence of childhood immunization. While children in rural areas (IRR = 0.972; 95%CI: 0.968, 0.976) had a lower prevalence of childhood vaccinations than children in urban areas. Conclusion SSA had a low coverage of childhood vaccination with significant disparities among countries. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize public health initiatives that target low-income households, rural mothers, uneducated parents, and those who have not utilized maternal health care services for the sake of increasing the coverage of childhood immunizations that in turn enhances the health of children. Furthermore, it is imperative to create policies and initiatives that tackle regional and national variations in childhood immunization rates and to actively work toward their implementation.

Determinants of child immunization in India: Evidence from bootstrap resampling

Comprehensive Immunisation Among Children Aged 12–23 Months in India—A Multilevel Modelling Analysis From the National Family Health Survey (2015–21)

ABSTRACT Under‐5 child mortality due to vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) contributes to an estimated burden of ∼5.2 million deaths globally, mostly within low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Despite ongoing efforts to expand immunisation coverage, gaps in immunisation remain a persistent public health concern, underscoring the need to examine recent trends and determinants of full immunisation in India. The objective of this study is to estimate vaccination coverage and identify factors associated with full immunisation among children aged 12–23 months from 2015 to 2021. We utilised the National Family Health Survey‐4 (NFHS‐4) and NFHS‐5 datasets to determine the vaccination status (fully vaccinated/not fully vaccinated) among children aged 12–23 months using multilevel logistic regression analysis. The full vaccination coverage increased from 62.54% [95% CI: 61.81, 63.26] in 2015–16 (NFHS‐4) to 76.81% [95% CI: 76.18, 77.42] in 2019–21 (NFHS‐5). The factors associated with significantly higher odds of full vaccination in both NFHS‐4 and NFHS‐5 included higher maternal age and education, higher wealth quintile, having ≥4 antenatal care visits, institutional delivery, pregnancy registration and exposure to media. The lower odds of full immunisation were associated with having more than one child and being Muslim in both NFHS‐4 and NFHS‐5. The elimination of rural residence as a significant factor for lower child vaccination odds in NFHS‐5, a contrast to NFHS‐4, suggests that national health policies have become more effective at reducing geographical disparities and therefore more equitable. With increasing saturation of vaccination coverage, the government programme needs a specific focus on addressing key determinants associated with vaccine uptake to achieve complete vaccination.

Immunization Coverage and Dropout Rates among Children Aged 0–23 Months at a Tertiary Hospital in North-Central Nigeria: A One-Year Retrospective Study

Immunization remains one of the most cost-effective public health interventions for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the immunization coverage and dropout rates among children aged 0–23 months attending a tertiary hospital in Otukpo, Benue State, Nigeria. A retrospective descriptive study reviewed routine immunization data extracted from the National Health Management Information System (NHMIS) register from January to December 2021 at the Federal University of Health Sciences Otukpo Teaching Hospital (FUHSO-TH). Data were collated and analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine frequencies, coverage percentages, and dropout rates. A total of 1,344 records were analyzed. The mean immunization coverage across all scheduled vaccines was 77.9%. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine had the highest coverage (87.9%), while the second dose of the Measles-Containing Vaccine (MCV2) had the lowest (65.4%). The highest dropout rate occurred between BCG and MCV1 (18.1%), followed by MCV1 and MCV2 (9.2%). The study concluded that, while early infant vaccine uptake is encouraging, overall immunization coverage remains suboptimal and falls short of the WHO 90% target. Strengthening community sensitization, defaulter tracking, and implementing reminder systems are essential to improve coverage, particularly for vaccines administered later in infancy.