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Geographic Disparities in Settlement Service Utilization Among Immigrants in Canada

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Sep 2026 · Canadian Ethnic Studies · Vol 58, pp. 1 - 35 · 0 citations · 87 references

Abstract

Abstract:This article investigates how admission category and geographic location shape the utilization of language training and employment-related settlement services among immigrants in Canada. Using administrative data from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) linked with the Immigration Contribution Agreement Reporting Environment (ICARE), we analyze a cohort of 250,785 immigrants aged 25 to 64 who landed in Canada between 2013 and 2019. Logistic regression models with interaction terms assess how the relationship between admission category and service utilization varies across geographic contexts during the first year after arrival. Results reveal significant geographic disparities: immigrants settling outside major urban centres are consistently less likely to use both language training and employment-related services, reflecting limited service availability in smaller communities. Refugees – particularly Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs) – exhibit the highest rates of language training utilization, with markedly higher usage outside major urban centres, where limited linguistic infrastructure intensifies their reliance on formal programs. Privately Sponsored Refugees (PSRs) exhibit more muted geographic variation, suggesting that sponsor networks may mitigate locational disadvantages. For employment-related services, skilled economic immigrants demonstrate substantially higher utilization in large cities, where specialized employment supports are concentrated, while utilization declines sharply in non-metropolitan areas. These findings reveal how settlement service utilization is jointly shaped by admission category and geographic location, with implications for the design of policies intended to promote more equitable settlement across Canada.Résumé:Cet article examine comment la catégorie d'admission et la situation géographique influencent l'utilisation des services de formation linguistique et des services d'établissement liés à l'emploi chez les immigrants au Canada. À l'aide de données administratives tirées de la Base de données longitudinales sur l'immigration (BDIM) couplée au Système de déclaration des ententes sur les contributions en immigration (ICARE), nous analysons une cohorte de 250 785 immigrants âgés de 25 à 64 ans qui se sont installés au Canada entre 2013 et 2019. Des modèles de régression logistique avec termes d'interaction évaluent comment la relation entre la catégorie d'admission et l'utilisation des services varie selon les contextes géographiques au cours de la première année suivant l'arrivée. Les résultats révèlent d'importantes disparités géographiques: les immigrants qui s'installent en dehors des grands centres urbains sont systématiquement moins susceptibles d'utiliser à la fois les services de formation linguistique et les services liés à l'emploi, ce qui reflète une disponibilité limitée des services dans les petites collectivités. Les réfugiés – en particulier les réfugiés pris en charge par le gouvernement (RPG) – présentent les taux d'utilisation les plus élevés des services de formation linguistique, avec une utilisation nettement plus importante à l'extérieur des grands centres urbains, où le manque d'infrastructures linguistiques accentue leur dépendance aux programmes formels. Les réfugiés parrainés par le secteur privé (RSP) affichent une variation géographique plus modérée, ce qui suggère que les réseaux de parrainage peuvent atténuer les désavantages liés au lieu de résidence. En ce qui concerne les services liés à l'emploi, les immigrants économiques qualifiés présentent une utilisation considérablement plus élevée dans les grandes villes, où les soutiens spécialisés à l'emploi sont concentrés, tandis que leur utilisation diminue fortement dans les zones non métropolitaines. Ces résultats montrent comment l'utilisation des services d'établissement est façonnée à la fois par la catégorie d'admission et la situation géographique, ce qui a des implications pour la conception de politiques visant à promouvoir un établissement plus équitable à travers le Canada.

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