Jun 2026· El Sains : Jurnal Elektro· Vol 8, pp. 21-28· 0 citations· 16 references
TL;DR
Experimental testing under laboratory-scale balanced three-phase fluorescent lamp loads showed that the proposed three-phase reactive power compensator integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology improved the power factor and enabling the remote monitoring of electrical parameters in a three-phase low-voltage system.
Abstract
A low power factor caused by inductive loads remains a major issue in electrical distribution systems, leading to an increased reactive power demand and reduced energy efficiency. This study proposes the design and implementation of a three-phase reactive power compensator integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology to improve the power factor automatically and in real time. The system employs three PZEM-004T sensors to measure the electrical parameters in each phase, an Arduino Mega 2560 as the main controller, and an ESP32 module for wireless communication with a Firebase real-time database. A mobile monitoring and control interface was developed using the MIT App Inventor, enabling remote access through Android devices. The capacitor bank consists of nine capacitor units arranged as 6.5 µF, 4.0 µF, and 3.5 µF for each phase, which are automatically switched via relays based on the detected power factor and reactive power compensation requirement. Experimental testing under laboratory-scale balanced three-phase fluorescent lamp loads showed that the proposed system improved the power factor from an initial range of 0.43–0.44 to 0.90–0.93 after compensation. The system response time ranged from 2–9 s under static load conditions, 6–12 s during dynamic load changes under compensation, and 1–16 s under over-compensation conditions. The longer response time in the overcompensation test occurred during transitions that required capacitor disconnection and re-selection of the appropriate capacitor combination. The IoT-based monitoring system was evaluated by comparing the PZEM-004T readings with those of a conventional power quality analyzer, Lutron DW-6095. The measurement differences ranged from 0.4–1.1 V for voltage, 0.00–0.03 A for current, and 0.00–0.03 for the power factor. The corresponding percentage errors were 0.17–0.47%, 0.0–9.7 %, and 0.0–5.0% for voltage, current, and power factor, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed IoT-based reactive power compensator is effective in improving the power factor and enabling the remote monitoring of electrical parameters in a three-phase low-voltage system.
Low power factor in inductive electrical loads increases line current, reactive-power demand, voltage drop, and system losses. This paper presents a low-cost Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) prototype built around an ESP8266 controller, an ACS712 current sensor, relay-switched capacitor stages, a 16 x 2 LCD, and the Blynk IoT platform. The prototype supports local and remote visualization of current, estimated power factor, capacitor status, load status, and automatic/manual operating modes. In the supplied firmware, power factor is estimated from known load states and programmed correction increments rather than being directly calculated from simultaneous voltage-current phase measurement. The control algorithm applies current thresholds, a three-reading stability condition, and a five-second inter-stage delay to reduce relay chatter and capacitor inrush effects. For the transformer-only load model, the programmed power factor increases from 0.62 without compensation to 0.73 with the first capacitor stage and to 0.96 with both stages. The original interface records show representative low-power-factor and corrected states of 0.62 and 0.96, respectively. The work demonstrates the feasibility of an IoT-assisted APFC teaching prototype while also identifying the need for calibrated voltage sensing, zero-crossing/phase-angle measurement, and controlled meter-based experiments before industrial deployment.
Anurag Singh, Yatresh Mishra· World Journal of Advanced Re...· 0 citations
Low power factors in industrial and household electrical systems cause energy waste, increased load flow, and financial losses due to fines for electricity providers. This systematic literature review aims to analyze the development, components, control methods, and performance achievements of microcontroller-based Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) systems and the Internet of Things (IoT) published in the period 2021–2026. The search was conducted through four scientific databases, namely Sage Journal, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and IEEE Xplore, resulting in 108 initial articles that were then filtered using the PRISMA protocol until the final 10 articles were obtained. The results of the analysis show that the ESP32 and NodeMCU are the most commonly used microcontrollers, the PZEM-004T sensor as a power measuring tool, and the MQTT protocol as an efficient communication medium for real-time monitoring. The power factor improvement achieved ranges from 0.60–0.99 after the correction is applied. IoT integration has been shown to significantly improve remote monitoring and control capabilities.
An integrated artificial intelligence and Internet of Things-based smart power quality management system for a solar microgrid, incorporating a DC–DC boost converter and a maximum power point tracking system for improving the power conversion efficiency.
Nagendra Singh, Andrei Dzeikalo, Bhagyanagar Rajagopal et al.· International journal of mat...· 0 citations
Three-phase induction motors are extensively utilized in industrial and commercial applications due to their robustness, efficiency, and capability to handle high-power loads. However, these motors are vulnerable to damage from phase failure conditions, including single-phasing, voltage imbalance, and phase loss, which can lead to overheating, reduced efficiency, and permanent equipment failure. This paper presents the design and development of a low-cost, intelligent three-phase monitoring and protection system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) communication for real-time fault notification. The proposed system employs an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the central processing unit, continuously monitoring the availability of R, Y, and B phases through voltage sensor modules. Upon detection of any phase failure, the system automatically disconnects relay-controlled loads to prevent single-phasing damage. Local status indication is provided through an I2C LCD display and audible buzzer alerts, while remote monitoring is achieved via an ESP32 DevKit module that transmits fault notifications to a Telegram application through Wi-Fi connectivity. The system architecture combines embedded control, automated protection, and wireless communication into a single scalable platform. Experimental validation demonstrates reliable phase detection, rapid relay response, and effective remote alerting, confirming the system's suitability for industrial automation, motor protection, and smart energy management applications.
J. Babu, More Divya, Varu Chirag et al.· International Journal for Sc...· 0 citations
Strong power system infrastructure is more important than earlier due to the growing demand for electricity in the generating, transmission, and distribution sectors. Specifically, the extensive and uncontrolled usage of both linear and nonlinear loads in distribution networks creates significant power quality issues. High-voltage power systems that incorporate Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOMs) play a crucial role in reactive power compensation, voltage management, and power quality enhancement. A unique 17-level Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) inverter topology is proposed in this study to improve dynamic response and maintain system efficiency. A Renewable Energy Source (RES) is added to the system through a solar PV array interfaced by a Modified Luo DC-DC converter, which supports the inverter control technique and enables effective power extraction under changeable temperature and irradiance conditions. An Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO)-tuned PI controller governs the converter, dynamically adjusting the duty cycle to maintain a steady DC-link voltage for the STATCOM. With effective adjustment of the positive, negative, and harmonic components of current under dynamic grid conditions, the suggested system is put into practice using MATLAB simulation.
L. Chitra, K. Boopathy, S. Ajith et al.· International Conference on...· 0 citations
Three-phase electrical systems are extensively adopted in industrial, commercial, and institutional environments due to their high efficiency and ability to support heavy electrical loads. Continuous and real-time monitoring of these systems remains a significant challenge, particularly in developing regions, small-scale industries, and educational laboratories. Traditional monitoring approaches are largely manual and reactive, making them ineffective at detecting transient faults such as voltage imbalance, phase failure, and overcurrent at an early stage. This study presents the design and implementation of a low-cost, Arduino-based three-phase electrical monitoring and reporting system capable of real-time data acquisition, fault detection, and remote user notification. The system integrates ZMPT101B voltage sensors and ACS712 current sensors with an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller to measure key electrical parameters RMS voltage, RMS current, active power, apparent power, and power factor across all three phases. Processed data is displayed locally on a 20×4 I2C LCD and transmitted remotely via a SIM900/SIM800L GSM module through SMS alerts. Experimental testing validated the system's performance, recording voltage measurement errors of less than 0.4% and current errors of approximately 1.5%. The fault detection module successfully identified all simulated anomalies including over-voltage, under-voltage, phase imbalance, and phase failure within 500 milliseconds, achieving a 100% local detection rate. The GSM reporting subsystem attained an overall SMS delivery success rate of 98% with an average latency of 5.8 seconds. These results demonstrate that the proposed system provides a practical, reliable, and cost-effective alternative to expensive commercial power analyzers, making it well-suited for educational institutions, workshops, and small-scale industries.
Idoko Livinus Akor, Adoyi Ene Helen, Adah John Ejeh et al.· World Journal of Advanced En...· 0 citations