Factors Influencing Left Ventricular Thrombus Recurrence After Resolution

Abstract

Background: Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a serious complication associated with cardiomyopathy and impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Patients with a resolved LVT remain at risk for recurrence and subsequent thromboembolism. However, the factors influencing the recurrence of LVT are not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors and clinical outcomes related to LVT recurrence and to improve follow-up strategies and treatment options. Methods and results: We retrospectively investigated patients confirmed to have a resolved LVT by transthoracic echocardiography from January 2018 to April 2021 at Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University. All patients received anticoagulant therapy for more than 6 months and underwent at least two follow-up transthoracic echocardiograms. No statistically significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics between the LVT recurrence and non-recurrence groups, including gender, age, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, renal function, previous stroke history, other underlying medical conditions, ejection fraction, or left ventricular diameter. Patients in the recurrence group exhibited a higher prevalence of previous myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention compared to the non-recurrence group (84.6% vs. 61.1%, p = 0.03; 76.9% vs. 52.8%, p = 0.03). Additionally, patients in the recurrence group tended to have more ventricular aneurysms (50.0% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.008) and larger previous thrombus sizes (27.7 ± 12.6 vs. 21.4 ± 9.1 mm, p = 0.008) compared to those in the non-recurrence group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the longitudinal diameter of the LVT was an independent risk factor for LVT recurrence (OR 1.058, 95% CI 1.003–1.115, p = 0.04). ROC curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.647 for the longitudinal diameter of the LVT, with an optimal cut-off value of 23.5 mm, a sensitivity of 62%, and a specificity of 64%. After a follow-up duration of 3.0 ± 2.5 years, the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in the recurrence group was significantly higher than that in the non-recurrence group [non-fatal myocardial infarction: 3 (11.5%) vs. 1 (1.4%), p = 0.02; MACE: 7 (26.9%) vs. 7 (9.7%), p = 0.01]. No statistically significant differences were found in bleeding events, systemic embolism, or all-cause death between the two groups. Conclusions: Our study indicates that a history of myocardial infarction, the presence of ventricular aneurysm, and a larger thrombus diameter are significant factors influencing LVT recurrence. Furthermore, the longitudinal diameter of the thrombus is identified as an independent risk factor for recurrence following resolution. The threshold for LVT diameter requiring extended anticoagulation and the required duration of anticoagulation need to be confirmed in future studies.