Development of a Triple Bottom Line-Based Model for Sustainable Warehouse Performance: The Mediating Role of Warehouse Operational Performance in Indonesia’s FMCG Distribution Industry

Abstract

The FMCG distribution industry in Indonesia faces pressure to implement sustainable warehousing. High carbon emissions from warehouse operations and the absence of national standards provide the background for this study. The study aims to examine the effects of Economic, Environmental, and Social factors on Warehouse Operational Performance and Sustainable Warehousing Performance. The study also examines the mediating role of Warehouse Operational Performance. The method used was a quantitative confirmatory approach with a cross-sectional survey. The respondents comprised 150 Warehouse Managers, Warehouse Supervisors, Operations Coordinators, and related staff. The data were analyzed using SEM-PLS with SmartPLS. The results show that all ten hypotheses were supported. Social Factors were the most dominant predictors of Warehouse Operational Performance (β = 0.403) and Sustainable Warehousing Performance (β = 0.266). Warehouse Operational Performance had a significant effect on Sustainable Warehousing Performance (β = 0.343) and served as a partial mediator. The model had strong explanatory power, with R² = 0.739 and 0.833. The study strengthens the integration of the Resource-Based View, Natural Resource-Based View, Stakeholder Theory, and Dynamic Capability Theory. Practical recommendations are directed at prioritizing social aspects and warehouse operational capabilities.