Smartphone-Based Detection of Potentially Critical Cycling Manoeuvres for Proactive Cycling Safety Assessment

Abstract

Cycling is increasingly promoted as part of sustainable transport strategies, but safety concerns remain an important barrier. Crash-based safety assessment is limited because crashes are reactive indicators and cycling crashes are often underreported. This study evaluates whether smartphone inertial sensor data can be used to detect selected potentially critical cycling manoeuvres that may support proactive safety screening. A two-stage workflow intended for possible future smartphone implementation was evaluated offline. In Stage 1, kinematic thresholds were applied to identify short candidate sensor windows when a high-dynamic manoeuvre was detected. In Stage 2, a machine learning classifier was applied to these candidate windows to classify the manoeuvre type and reduce false positives. The workflow was evaluated using three datasets collected in Germany from 10 riders, including controlled test-track manoeuvres and urban rides in Aachen and Bonn. The dataset included 148 hard-braking and 132 abrupt-swerving manoeuvres. In addition, 45 bicycle-only crash-like reference sequences were collected to compare low-speed impact-like signal patterns. In leave-one-dataset-out evaluation, the Support Vector Machine achieved mean precision–recall areas under the curve of 0.954 for hard braking and 0.884 for abrupt swerving. The corresponding mean F1-scores were 0.924 and 0.876. The offline evaluation showed that smartphone sensor data can support the detection of selected high-dynamic cycling manoeuvres with good classification performance under controlled and semi-controlled conditions. However, most target manoeuvres were controlled or rider-initiated proxy manoeuvres rather than confirmed traffic conflicts. The results should therefore be interpreted as manoeuvre detection, not as direct crash-risk validation. In future naturalistic studies, the workflow could help identify candidate locations where cyclists frequently brake hard or swerve abruptly. These locations can then be prioritised for site inspections, video-based conflict analysis, or comparison with crash records.