SWOT Analysis of Vehicle-to-Grid Integration: Opportunities and Challenges in Hungary and the European Union

Abstract

The rapid spread of electromobility and renewable energy sources is fundamentally transforming contemporary energy systems. The Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology offers a new role for electric vehicles to function as distributed energy storage units, supporting grid stability and the integration of renewable energy into everyday energy use. The aim of the study is to apply a SWOT analysis to identify the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the introduction of V2G technology in the European Union, with a focus on Hungary in Eastern Europe. The analysis highlights that the primary strengths of V2G systems lie in EU-level regulatory support and the growing electric vehicle fleet, while weaknesses include limited charging infrastructure, technological uncertainty, and economical aspects like GDP. Opportunities include energy communities, secondary battery use, and the development of smart grid solutions, while regulatory delays and high investment costs are identified as the main threats. The results of the research confirm that the successful implementation of V2G technology is only possible with a complex approach that addresses technological, economic, and social aspects.