TPT 2.04 Virtual Reality–Based Training for Laparoscopic Skills in General Surgery: A Systematic Review Protocol

Abstract

Modern surgical training is challenged by reduced operative exposure and increasing requirements for demonstrable technical competence. Virtual Reality (VR) simulation offers an immersive, scalable, and reproducible platform with the potential to modernise laparoscopic training. Understanding VR’s true impact is essential to guide curriculum development and future investment in surgical education. This review evaluates the effectiveness of VR-based training compared with conventional methods in improving laparoscopic technical performance, efficiency, and error reduction in general surgery. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (01/01/2010–present) identified studies involving medical students and surgical trainees performing VR-based laparoscopic training in general surgery. Comparators included curricula and box trainers. Outcomes included OSATS, GOALS, GEARS, task completion time, errors, and precision. Screening followed PRISMA. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB-2, and certainty of evidence was guided by GRADE. The protocol is undergoing PROSPERO registration (ID: 1166264). Thirty-seven studies demonstrated consistent benefits for VR. Task completion time improved by 10–40%, error rates were reduced by up to 50%, and OSATS/GOALS/GEARS scores showed moderate-to-large gains. Studies reported skill retention for up to 16 weeks. Adjuncts including 3D vision, telestration, robotic guidance, hybrid feedback, and self-debriefing further enhanced efficiency, accuracy, non-technical skills, and learner confidence. Satisfaction with VR was high. VR-based training accelerates laparoscopic skill acquisition, enhances safety, and improves trainee readiness. These findings support scalable integration of VR within general surgical training pathways to standardise early competence, modernise technical training, and strengthen preparedness for contemporary practice.