Feb 2026· JMIR Research Protocols· 0 citations· 20 references
Medicine
Abstract
Background
Underreporting is a defining problem in the registration of workplace violence across public services. This is reinforced by inconsistent, often poor incident descriptions and the absence of a clear, shared nomenclature. Without an ontology-backed structure, similar events are recorded differently across settings or remain uncodable and effectively invisible. Moreover, WPV is typically registered and studied within sector- and even organization-specific categories and local reporting logics rather than through a shared semantic framework, limiting comparability and cumulative understanding across sectors. To address this, we propose creating and publicizing a workplace violence ontology (WPV-ONTO) to unify the representation of WPV events across public services.
Objective
The objective of this protocol is to describe and justify a research methodology for developing a cross-sector ontology and reference nomenclature for WPV in public services (WPV-ONTO), including the scoping review, expert-consensus, and evaluation procedures used to build it. Promoting openness and high standards during its creation and encouraging its uptake once available are broader project goals that this protocol is designed to support, rather than measurable objectives that this protocol itself tests.
Methods
Using the Protégé ontology editor and the METHONTOLOGY ontology development life-cycle guidelines, we will create an ontology that captures the cross-sector WPV domain in Web Ontology Language (OWL). In order to find common WPV concepts, definitions, and synonyms, the modeling process will employ a methodologically defined, iterative workflow that combines (1) focused scoping searches (Web of Science/PubMed/APA PsycInfo/ERIC/Sociological Abstracts); (2) structured extraction from industry-standard incident reporting tools and code lists; and (3) expert consensus. Based on iterative rounds of scientific literature reviews and industry-standard code lists, a team of domain experts will use a hybrid top-down and bottom-up approach to define and identify key ideas and relationships. A small pilot with 6-8 frontline workers from two sectors will test the prototype reporting form against usability criteria before version 1.0 release.
Results
The primary output will be a comprehensive, versioned WPV-ONTO accommodating key WPV concepts relevant to public services, augmented with synonyms, definitions, and references. WPV-ONTO will include an explicit hierarchical structure and relations supporting inheritance and compositional incident encoding. WPV-ONTO seeks to integrate the needs and conceptualizations of frontline workers, safety and aftercare professionals, sector policymakers, WPV researchers, and health/information systems experts. Recruitment of the expert panel is planned to begin in March 2027, and WPV-ONTO version 1.0 is expected at the end of the 24-month development period.
Conclusions
WPV-ONTO is expected to enable reasoning, inference, and consistent representation of relationships among WPV concepts for application in multiple contexts, including cross-sector reporting harmonization, software and API development, research data integration, and evaluation of prevention and aftercare initiatives. By providing a shared vocabulary and explicit structure, WPV-ONTO may also facilitate linkage with other relevant information systems, such as electronic medical records, and justice and police information systems, reducing methodological fragmentation and supporting coordinated cross-sector learning while retaining the contextual specificity necessary for public service environments.
CLINICALTRIAL
Not applicable.
Smart city initiatives increasingly claim to be citizen-centric, yet governance frameworks persistently conflate two analytically distinct concepts, citizen participation and citizen engagement, in ways that undermine the design and evaluation of civic involvement mechanisms. This conceptual ambiguity represents a structural problem in the field, not a transitional oversight, and carries direct consequences for how urban managers design governance instruments and measure their effectiveness. This study systematically examines the scope, definition, and operationalization of both concepts in smart city research through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following the SPAR-4-SLR protocol. A corpus of 43 peer-reviewed articles published between 2011 and 2025, retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science, was subjected to qualitative content analysis using a structured coding framework. Findings reveal that 53% of reviewed studies use participation and engagement interchangeably, a pattern that remains stable across all publication periods, confirming the structural rather than incidental nature of the ambiguity. Only 26% of articles establish a rigorous conceptual distinction and operationalize both terms through distinct analytical frameworks. The review further identifies a critical mechanism design gap: 30% of articles report no engagement mechanism whatsoever, and only 23% report outcomes with verifiable indicators. Based on these findings, this study proposes a conceptual framework that explicitly distinguishes participation, as a behavioral, often episodic act, from engagement, as a sustained, intrinsically motivated process characterized by genuine influence over governance outcomes. The framework offers researchers a theoretically grounded basis for construct differentiation and provides urban managers with actionable criteria for designing governance mechanisms that move beyond symbolic consultation toward authentic co-creation. Implications for digital governance research and smart city policy are discussed, with particular attention to underrepresented contexts in the Global South.
Kátia Eloisa Bertol, E. Luciano, R. Barichello et al.· Sustainability· 0 citations
This work presents the PreventCSA@EU ontology, a semantically grounded framework designed to support the identification, classification, annotation, and analysis of online Child Sexual Abuse and Child Sexual Exploitation Material (CSAM/CSEM). The growing circulation and dissemination of CSAM/CSEM across digital environments, combined with inconsistencies in legal definitions and classification practices across jurisdictions, highlights the need for semantically interoperable frameworks capable of supporting cross-organizational cooperation and automated processing. The proposed ontology is developed through a systematic review and comparative analysis of existing CSA/CSE-related, metadata oriented, and investigative ontologies and taxonomies, with its primary design aimed at addressing the operational needs and domain-specific requirements of national LEA Directorates. It introduces a hierarchical semantic model built around core entities such as Media Object, Content, Person, Depiction, and Investigative Report, while enabling structured alignment with INHOPE UCS labels, Dublin Core-DMCI Metadata Terms, and Schema.org. The proposed framework emphasizes ontology-driven interoperability for structured annotation and analysis of CSA/CSE-related data, supporting consistent classification, child identification, and investigative processes for offender prosecution. The design aims extend existing classification approaches with additional conceptual structures for database conceptualization, process modeling, and ontology-driven data management. By integrating established classification standards with a novel hierarchical ontology, the proposed framework enhances cross-system compatibility, with particular relevance to emerging EU-level data infrastructures, including the envisaged EU Center database under the proposed Child Sexual Abuse Regulation (CSAR).
Elias Tzortzakakis, E. Kokolaki, Evangelia Daskalaki et al.· 0 citations
Algorithm registers have been championed as a means of providing transparency on the use of algorithms in public services. Yet potential publics differ in their expectations of what should be made transparent and how, as well as in their interest in and ability to parse the information currently published in the registers. Moreover, it remains unclear how these instruments can represent the sociotechnical systems in which these algorithms are embedded, and how system-level transparency can facilitate accountability. In this paper, we ask, what do algorithm registers reveal (and occlude) about the sociotechnical systems governing algorithmic systems, and how can diverse stakeholder perspectives inform a more pluralistic system-theoretic safety analysis? To do this, we probe the municipal algorithm register of a Dutch city through a case study of a decision-support tool for caseworkers'assessment of citizens'welfare benefits eligibility based on legal automation through a business rule engine. Through interviews, surveys, and participatory system mapping workshops (with municipal staff, civil society organisations, and ombudsmen, N=8), we seek to understand to what extent the register allows stakeholders to map the algorithmic system in question. These maps inform a System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) that situates the register within a wider sociotechnical governance structure. Participants'contributions allow us to identify potential safety hazards which would not have been possible to see using the algorithm register alone, including benefits eligibility denial, system performance deterioration, and inability to contest wrongful decisions. By engaging both direct and indirect stakeholders, we reflect on the normative dimensions of algorithm governance efforts and how politics shape the practice of system safety analysis.
Íñigo Martínez de Rituerto de Troya, Maurus Enbergs, N. Doorn et al.· 0 citations
The growth of digital platforms has accelerated the shift toward technology-driven, home-based healthcare solutions, empowering individuals to monitor their health and share data with healthcare rofessionals when necessary. However, developing an effective care plan management system involves more than simply analyzing hospital records and Electronic Health Records (EHRs). It requires addressing individual patient needs and considering social determinants of health, such as living conditions and the exchange of healthcare information across different care settings. This complex healthcare ecosystem faces challenges like schema diversity (across EHRs, personal health records, etc.) and varying medical terminologies (e.g., ICD, SNOMEDCT) used in ancillary healthcare services. Achieving interoperability between diverse systems and applications is essential. The European Interoperability Framework (EIF) highlights the importance of ensuring patientcentric access and control over healthcare data. In this paper, we introduce an integrated ontological model—the Common Semantic Data Model for Social Determinants of Health (CSSDH)—which combines ISO/DIS 13940:2025 ContSys with the WHO framework for Social Determinants of Health. CSSDH is designed to enhance interoperability across the continuity of care networks.
Unknown authors· International Journal of Int...· 0 citations
This study examines inclusive public service innovation for persons with disabilities in Indonesia through Collaborative Governance and Public Value perspectives. It responds to the persistent gap between a strong legal framework and uneven implementation, reflected in limited accessibility across local public services. The study applied a Systematic Literature Review using the PRISMA protocol. Twenty Sinta-indexed journal articles published from 2021 to 2026 were selected from 67 Google Scholar records and analyzed through thematic synthesis. The findings classify innovation into four categories: digital services, administrative arrangements, physical and infrastructure improvements, and programs and policies. These initiatives have improved access in several local contexts, but they remain fragmented and lack national integration. Collaborative governance analysis identifies recurring weaknesses in face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, intermediate outcomes, and facilitative leadership. Communication and trust remain limited, commitment is constrained by operational capacity, shared understanding is often normative, and leadership frequently depends on individual initiatives. Public value analysis also shows that efficiency, effectiveness, justice, equality, legitimacy, and public trust have not been achieved consistently because agencies face shortages in human resources, budgets, technology, and accessible infrastructure. Sustainable inclusive innovation therefore requires collaborative processes and public value creation to operate simultaneously. The study recommends operational regulations, dedicated funding, continuous staff training, routine participation of disability organizations, accessible digital and physical service standards, and institutionalized facilitative leadership. These measures can reduce implementation gaps and strengthen equitable public services for persons with disabilities.
Hastri Ika, Nursanti Purnamasari, I. Pramudiana et al.· International Journal of Hum...· 0 citations
eGovernment research frequently uses the term citizen as a generic label for people who use public services or are affected by public sector digitalization. We argue that such usage is often imprecise and can obscure important differences between legal citizens and non-citizens, including migrants, EU citizens, refugees, and other cross-border service users. Drawing on an exemplary survey of highly cited articles in Government Information Quarterly, we show that the term is rarely defined and often used in ways that do not match academic or everyday understandings. We outline ways in which non-citizens may be differently affected by digital government, including unequal access to digital identification (ID) or digital services and greater exposure to surveillance and biases in automated decision-making. Furthermore, they show distinct attitudes and behaviors toward public organizations. We argue that the broad use of the term “citizen” can reduce conceptual clarity, create methodological issues and even scholarly blind spots and contribute to the exclusion of non-citizens from research. We conclude with recommendations for more precise terminology, more transparent sampling and measurement practices, and suggestions for further research that more fully incorporates non-citizens.