Author

Cong Cao

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#artificial intelligence Oct 2026

When Reconstruction Is Not Enough: Doubly Robust Counterfactual and Interventional Mediation Analysis with Learned Multimodal Representations

A workflow combining modality-specific variational autoencoders trained outside the estimation sample, cross-fitted doubly robust and one-step estimators, locked phenotypes, select-then-confirm pathway analysis, portable representations for external replication, and diagnostics for representation insufficiency, exposur...

Cong Cao · medRxiv · 0 citations

Preprint Jul 2026

Causal Inference under Interference with Learned Exposure Mappings

Exposure mappings are often assumed to be known in causal spillover analyses. In environmental settings, however, they are typically induced by transport processes that are not directly observed and must instead be learned from pollution data. We study how uncertainty in learned transport processes propagates into expo...

Cong Cao · 0 citations

#artificial intelligence Preprint Aug 2026

When Prediction Error Is Not Enough: Evaluating Nuisance-Function Prediction for Causal Estimation

It is suggested that prediction error is useful for assessing nuisance-function estimation, but it should not be treated as a direct measure of the quality of the resulting causal estimator.

Cong Cao · 0 citations