We investigate the mechanisms underlying exotic hadron formation via the TQ4Q1.1 set of collinear fragmentation functions for fully charmed or bottomed tetraquarks in three quantum configurations: scalar (\(0^{++}\)), axial vector (\(1^{+-}\)), and tensor (\(2^{++}\)). We adopt leading-power single-parton fragmentation within a nonrelativistic QCD framework tailored to tetraquark Fock states. Initial-scale inputs are constructed from updated gluon and heavy-quark channels, and evolved through threshold-consistent DGLAP within HF-NRevo. We present a systematic implementation of uncertainty propagation from color-composite long-distance matrix elements governing tetraquark hadronization. This study further develops the connection between hadronic structure, precision QCD, and exotic hadron matter.
Published by the Jagiellonian University
2026
authors
F. Celiberto· Acta Physica Polonica B, Pro...· 0 citations
We present a comprehensive high-energy overview of all-heavy tetraquark production at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, combining recent advances in heavy-exotic spectroscopy with state-of-the-art fragmentation-based phenomenology. Our study builds upon the newly released TQ4Q2.0 fragmentation framework, which provides a complete leading-power description of fully heavy S-wave tetraquarks with scalar (0++), axial-vector (1+−), and tensor (2++) quantum numbers. The formalism incorporates all active gluon- and heavy-quark-induced production channels within nonrelativistic QCD factorization and implements threshold-aware DGLAP evolution through the HF-NRevo scheme. Particular attention is devoted to the all-bottom sector, whose larger mass scale offers a distinctive laboratory for exploring multiquark formation mechanisms and testing the universality of fragmentation dynamics across heavy-flavor systems. We review the theoretical foundations of the TQ4Q program and discuss the uncertainty budget associated with color-composite long-distance matrix elements and perturbative multiscale variations. Building on this framework, we present precision predictions for bottom tetraquark production in association with jets at HL-LHC energies, obtained within the (sym)JETHAD environment at NLL/NLO+ accuracy. The resulting phenomenology highlights the discovery potential of future high-luminosity measurements and illustrates the impact of modern resummation techniques on rare-hadron observables. This work establishes the TQ4Q2.0 framework as a reliable phenomenological benchmark for collider studies of all-heavy tetraquarks and provides a unified roadmap for future investigations of multiquark dynamics at present and forthcoming hadron facilities.
All-heavy pentaquarks provide a unique laboratory for exploring the interplay between exotic-hadron structure, heavy-quark dynamics, and perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). In this review, we present the completed release of the uncertainty-aware collinear fragmentation-function family PQ5Q1.1, covering both all-charm (P5c) and all-bottom (P5b) states. The extension to the bottom sector follows the resolution of theoretical and numerical issues affecting heavy-bottom fragmentation and completes the public LHAPDF6 release of the PQ5Q1.1 family. The PQ5Q1.1 functions are constructed within a multimodal framework that accounts for both compact multiquark formation and diquark–antiquark–diquark production mechanisms. A replica-based strategy is adopted to quantify perturbative and nonperturbative uncertainties through missing-higher-order variations (F-MHOUs) and controlled modifications of the hadronic wave-function structure (F-NPWF). For phenomenological applications, we employ the data-validated (sym)JETHAD framework to investigate semi-inclusive pentaquark-plus-jet production at NLL/NLO+ accuracy at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider. We present predictions for differential distributions, assessing the impact of fragmentation dynamics, uncertainty propagation, and hadron-structure effects across the charm and bottom sectors. By combining precision fragmentation tools with collider-oriented observables, this review establishes a unified framework connecting heavy-pentaquark spectroscopy, hadronization mechanisms, and high-energy QCD phenomenology.