Measuring Cosmic Neutrino Masses Independently of Dark Energy
Neutrino oscillations establish that neutrinos are massive, providing the only laboratory detection of physics beyond the Standard Model. Direct kinematic experiments bound the electron-neutrino mass to $m_{\nu_e}<0.45$ eV (KATRIN, 90% CL), implying $\sum m_\nu \lesssim 1.3$ eV. Conversely, cosmology within $\Lambda$CD...