Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model Predicts Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy of Combined Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) Blockade in a Syngeneic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4 have transformed cancer therapy, yet most patients still fail to respond, and the reasons remain incompletely understood. To dissect this heterogeneity and support translational development, we built a preclinical quantitative systems pharmacology model of α-PD-1...