This work introduces BEAM, a multiscale framework that learns slow collective variables from coarse-grained simulations to guide all-atom enhanced sampling to explain how vectorial secretion accelerates pertactin folding by excluding an off-pathway kinetic trap.
Lan Yang, Qing Luan, Michael C. Baxa et al.· bioRxiv· 0 citations
Protein structure predictors achieve high single-state accuracy, but it remains unclear whether they can recover functionally relevant conformational ensembles or account for the presence of ligands and/or binding partners. Here, we benchmark AlphaFold3, Boltz-2, Chai-1, and BioEmu on four canonical multi-state proteins (Pf-MATE, LAO, SecA, and β2AR), quantifying state bias and sampling breadth against experimental reference structures. Models frequently default to a dominant state represented in the PDB; small-molecule ligands have weak or inconsistent effects, while large protein partners drive clear conformational switching between states. Multiple sequence alignment (MSA)-based approaches (AF-Cluster and random subsampling) recapitulate similar biases, indicating that this behavior is not unique to newer architectures. These results underscore current limitations for multi-state protein structure prediction and structure-guided ligand discovery. TOC Graphic
Muhui Ye, Yu-Hong Wang, M. Brogi et al.· bioRxiv· 0 citations