Mesenchymal stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Bladder Dysfunction: Mechanisms and Translational Perspectives.
A paradigm shift from conventional cell therapies to MSC-EV-centric, cell-free strategies, which overcome traditional transplantation limitations like low engraftment and immunogenicity are proposed, establishing MSC-EVs as a next-generation therapeutic framework, guiding future clinical translation in regenerative uro...