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Samuel T. K. Tetteh

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#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

It Is Not Seeing the Hazard: A Frozen Vision-Language Safety Score Measures Its Caption Bank

Frozen vision-language models increasingly provide safety signals for reinforcement learning. Their use assumes that similarity to language describing danger indicates the hazard itself. Yet policy return and collision rate cannot reveal whether a score detects hazards or responds to correlated features of the scene. V...

Samuel T. K. Tetteh, Cody H. Fleming · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Sep 2026

Vision--Language Signals in Constrained RL: Safety Gains Without Anticipation

VLM-Safe-RL is proposed, a framework that integrates frozen CLIP signals into PPO-Lagrangian through reward shaping and an augmented multiplier update, and shows a conditional reduction in observed catastrophe rate without evidence of collision anticipation.

Samuel T. K. Tetteh, Cody H. Fleming · 1 citation

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