Liposomes are spherical vesicular drug delivery systems composed of phospholipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous core, capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Due to their structural similarity to biological membranes, excellent biocompatibility, and ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, liposomes have emerged as one of the most promising nanocarriers in modern drug delivery. Over the years, advancements in formulation techniques, lipid composition, and surface engineering have enabled the development of specialized systems such as PEGylated stealth liposomes, stimuli-responsive liposomes, ligand-targeted liposomes, and lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery platforms. These innovations have significantly expanded their therapeutic applications in cancer therapy, antimicrobial treatment, gene delivery, vaccine development, and dermatological and ocular drug delivery. Despite their clinical success, challenges such as physical and chemical instability, rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system, large-scale manufacturing difficulties, and high production costs still limit their widespread commercialization. Ongoing research focused on smart nanocarriers, precision targeting, and advanced manufacturing technologies is expected to further enhance the clinical potential of liposomal drug delivery systems in the future.
Ashish Pal, Virendra kumar Maurya, Kamalesh Kumar· GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUT...· 0 citations
Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic polymeric networks known for their high water absorption capacity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and resemblance to the natural extracellular matrix, making them highly valuable in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Recent advances in polymer science, nanotechnology, and bioengineering have led to the development of smart, injectable, self-healing, and nanocomposite hydrogels with improved mechanical strength and stimuli-responsive behavior. These advanced hydrogel systems have shown significant potential in controlled drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and ophthalmic applications. Emerging fabrication technologies such as 3D/4D bioprinting, microfluidics, and electrospinning have further enhanced the design and functionality of hydrogel-based systems. Despite promising progress, challenges related to scalability, long-term stability, sterilization, and clinical translation still remain. This review highlights recent advances in hydrogel synthesis, characterization, biomedical applications, clinical developments, and future perspectives, emphasizing the growing importance of hydrogels as next-generation biomaterials in modern healthcare.
Sachin, Virendra kumar Maurya, Kamalesh Kumar· GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUT...· 0 citations
