LIPOSOMES AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW WITH RECENT ADVANCES

Abstract

Liposomes are spherical vesicular drug delivery systems composed of phospholipid bilayers enclosing an aqueous core, capable of encapsulating both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Due to their structural similarity to biological membranes, excellent biocompatibility, and ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, liposomes have emerged as one of the most promising nanocarriers in modern drug delivery. Over the years, advancements in formulation techniques, lipid composition, and surface engineering have enabled the development of specialized systems such as PEGylated stealth liposomes, stimuli-responsive liposomes, ligand-targeted liposomes, and lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA delivery platforms. These innovations have significantly expanded their therapeutic applications in cancer therapy, antimicrobial treatment, gene delivery, vaccine development, and dermatological and ocular drug delivery. Despite their clinical success, challenges such as physical and chemical instability, rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system, large-scale manufacturing difficulties, and high production costs still limit their widespread commercialization. Ongoing research focused on smart nanocarriers, precision targeting, and advanced manufacturing technologies is expected to further enhance the clinical potential of liposomal drug delivery systems in the future.