SDH inhibition quenches rheumatoid arthritis flare-associated IL-1β+IFN-γ+ macrophages via NF-κB/STAT4.
OBJECTIVES Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which distinct macrophage (MΦ) endotypes can guide therapy. TLR5, upregulated during disease flares, drives an IL-1β+NFKB1+IFN-γ+STAT4lo MΦ phenotype in blood and synovium that is refractory to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6R blockade. This...