diffusion models

Experimental Measurement and Theoretical Modeling of the Viscosity of an Ionic Liquid Saturated with CO2

Abstract Under ambient or near-ambient conditions, ionic liquids have shown potential in oral and biomedical applications, where their viscosity plays a key role in processability, diffusion, penetration, and transport behavior. Beyond these ambient-condition applications, gas-loaded ionic liquids are also relevant to...

A Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Wound Model for Quantitative Evaluation of Topical Treatments in Infected Wounds

Chronic wound infections are frequently associated with bacterial biofilms, which significantly reduce the efficacy of antimicrobial treatments. Conventional in vitro evaluation methods, such as disc diffusion assays and static biofilm models, lack physiological relevance, whereas more advanced wound models are often c...

Conditional diffusion-based inverse kinematics for redundant 7-DOF manipulators with differentiable refinement

Background Inverse kinematics of redundant manipulators is a multi-solution problem, since one end-effector pose may correspond to multiple admissible joint configurations. Classical numerical solvers and regression-based neural models usually return a single joint configuration and therefore do not explicitly represen...

Learning the world: A Critical Survey of World Models for Physical AI

A world model is a learned system that predicts what will happen next under a candidate action, given what an agent has observed and done. With one, an agent can compare actions before it commits, practice skills in imagination and notice when the world surprises it. The idea dates to 1990 and now sits at the center of...

High-resolution diffusion MRI of rectal cancer ex vivo surgical specimens reveals post-treatment microstructural characteristics of tissue components

Abstract Advances in organ-preserving rectal cancer treatment require accurate restaging after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). However, standard tools - endoscopy and T 2 -weighted pelvic MRI - struggle to differentiate residual tumour from normal tissue and treatment-induced changes, yielding high specificity but low sensi...

Mathematical Model of Agate Band Formation

MRI-Based Radiomics Model for Pretreatment Prediction of Pathological Lymph Node Metastasis in Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Cervix: Dual-Center Development and External Validation

Objectives: To develop and externally validate MRI-based radiomics and clinicoradiomics models for predicting pathological lymph node metastasis (LNM) in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (NECC). Methods: This retrospective two-center study included 133 patients who underwent pretreatment pelvic MRI and pathologic...

Direct Measurements and Analysis of Catalyst Diffusion and Reaction Fronts in Chemically Amplified Resists

Abstract The propagation of both catalyst diffusion and reaction fronts in a polymeric chemically amplified resist (CAR) is evaluated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) depth profiling, and is compared with the propagation of catalyst diffusion fronts in inert resist analogues. We report that...

Mitochondria-targeted tertiary amine N-Oxide nanoparticles with photosensitizer conjugation for photopyroptotic cancer therapy

Abstract Although photodynamic therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment, its efficacy is often restricted by the extremely short diffusion radius of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Concentrating ROS generation within vulnerable organelles, such as mitochondria, represents an effective avenue to o...

Herglotz Functions and Random Matrix Theory for Sea Ice

Sea ice is a multiscale composite displaying complex structure on length scales ranging over many orders of magnitude. Finding the effective or homogenized behavior is a central challenge in making long-term, large-scale predictions. Herglotz integral representations for the homogenized properties of composites, where...

Digital transformation and artificial intelligence in organic supply chains: A systematic review with insights from South Tamil Nadu

Organic agriculture is growing rapidly in India, yet organic supply chains remain structurally fragmented, particularly in smallholder-dominated regions such as South Tamil Nadu. Digital transformation and artificial intelligence (AI) offer promising solutions to persistent challenges, including inadequate cold-chain i...

Process-Inspired Latent Dynamics for Direct Multi-Step Regional Sea Surface Temperature Forecasting

Sea surface temperature (SST) forecasts support marine environmental monitoring, hazard assessment, and operational ocean services. Regional multi-step prediction remains difficult because SST-only models must represent transport, spatial spreading, and local nonlinear variation from historical fields while avoiding th...