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natural language processing

9,568 papers

#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

One Model, Two Paths: Balancing Single-Pass and Looped Performance in Language Models

Repeating Transformer layers can improve language-model performance without adding parameters. A pretrained model can be adapted to support both single-pass and looped inference by reusing middle-layer weights for additional computation. Because both paths share weights, training to improve looped predictions can degra...

Jiarun Shen, Lei Zhao, Xiao Li · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Eat Your Precision: Precision Objective Mitigates Reward Hacking in Rubric-based RL

Rubric-based rewards enable effective reinforcement learning on non-verifiable tasks. However, because these rewards are typically defined as a weighted measure of rubric coverage, models are trained primarily to maximize a recall objective. As a result, RL-trained models produce responses that are more complete but al...

Hyun Ryu, Jong-Heon Kim, Yi-Qing Xie et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Towards a Learnable Retriever for Textual Graph Question Answering

Textual graph question answering (GraphQA) and graph-based retrieval-augmented generation (GraphRAG) have gained increasing attention as a way to ground large language models (LLMs) on structured knowledge. Despite extensive efforts, existing methods still face two key gaps. The first is an architectural gap: existing...

Kai-Feng Jin, Yu-Chen Yan, Zhichen Zeng et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Five Architectures, One Shared Space Cross-Model Representational Alignment Without Weight Merging

Combining language models is usually done by averaging weights, which works only when the models share a common starting point. We ask whether five frozen, independently trained models with different internal designs (four transformers from four organizations and one state-space model) can be related through their acti...

Oladimeji Anthonio, Dimeji Olawuyi, Oloruntoba Ajayi et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Small Edits, Shifting Decisions: Benchmarking LLM Accuracy and Reliability on French Input Variants

French users may omit apostrophes and diacritics or make keyboard typos in everyday input. The effects of these common variations on language model performance and prediction reliability remain insufficiently understood. To address this gap, we construct a controlled French surface-variant benchmark covering seven task...

Jiaming Yu, Xiaotian Xie, Jian Ma et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Incremental Predictive Value of LLM Tutoring Interactions for Student Performance

We evaluate whether semester-level interaction features from a large language model tutor improve assignment-score prediction beyond constant baselines. StudyChat provides 16,851 student-assistant exchanges from two offerings of an undergraduate artificial intelligence course, with outcomes matched to 175 of 203 studen...

Zeyu Dong, Mikael Kwame Kuada, Asa Holley Buchakjian-Tweedy et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Propasafe-Hybrid: A Text-Based Hybrid Propaganda Detection Tool

Propagandistic content increasingly circulates through online news and social media, where readers often encounter it with limited scrutiny, highlighting the need for reliable and fine-grained detection. This paper introduces Propasafe-Hybrid, a sentence-level system that integrates a fine-tuned transformer classifier...

Thomas Kimmeth, Avijit Roy, Vivek Sharma · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Adaptive Transfer of Representational Signatures for LLM Reliability Detection

Large language models (LLMs) are reported to be susceptible to reliability issues including hallucinations and reasoning errors. Existing quality detectors can predict unreliable outputs based on internal representations with decent accuracies. However, training these detectors often requires substantial domain-specifi...

Yongtong Li, Yixuan Florence Wu, Jiawei Zhang et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Quantifying Meaning with SCAPE-T: Semantic Complexity from Encoder-Only Transformer Attention

Automated semantic complexity estimation remains underexplored in NLP, despite important applications in linguistics and interpretability. This paper defines semantic complexity as the code length required to uniquely specify a text's semantic meaning, and operationalises it via SCAPE-T, an attention-derived metric bas...

Maxim Khovansky, Lev Mukhanov · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Perturbation-Based Data Selection for Medical Question Answering

Selecting a compact training subset is an important step in adapting medical language models from existing question-answering banks. We investigate perturbation-based data selection using two signals derived from Gaussian perturbations of the final-block representation: prediction-change frequency and non-flipping marg...

Yuexin Wu, Dayou Yu, Vasile Rus · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Examining form-based linguistic productivity in people and large language models

Linguistic productivity, as evidenced by the use of words in novel contexts, is one of the most striking facts about human language. However, how abstract the knowledge that enables such productivity is remains unclear. We compare people's and computational language models' linguistic productivity in contexts where suc...

Michael Wilson, Robert Frank · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

How Does Post-Training Shape LLM Value Preferences?

During post-training, large language models (LLMs) learn value preferences from corpora that may contain imbalanced proportions of opinions associated with different demographic groups. Amplifying these imbalances may further underrepresent some groups' opinions. However, how opinion mixtures shape value preferences ac...

Yang Liu, Shaoyang Xu, Masahiro Kaneko et al. · 0 citations

From tech blogs

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Microsoft Research Blog Oct 22, 2026

Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations

Flint-interactive gives AI agents a language for creating interactive visualizations. Click a chart, filter data, highlight related content, and explore beyond the view the author originally chose. The post Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations appeared first on Microsoft Research.

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