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natural language processing

9,568 papers

#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Ignored, Not Refused: What Low Prompt-Injection Success Rates Hide in Small Tool-Using Agents

Tool-using agents read untrusted external content, which exposes them to indirect prompt injection (IPI), where hidden instructions hijack the agent's tool calls. Benchmarks measure IPI security by the attack success rate (ASR), which treats every failed attack as a successful defense. To test this assumption, we audit...

Farhan Zarif, Kazi Shahid Ahmed Galib, Synthia Akter Promi et al. · 1 citation
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Who Pays for Efficient Inference? Confidence-Based Small-to-Large LLM Routing Across Tasks and Languages

A systematic evaluation of confidence-based routing across three model families, four languages, and three task types, covering 72 model, dataset, language, and scale configurations and 42,288 predictions shows that confidence routing is task-dependent and can allocate computation unevenly across languages.

Md Sabbir Hossen, Anichur Rahman, Pabon Shaha et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

MGE-PO: Entropy-Aware Credit Assignment for Mathematical Reasoning

GRPO assigns the same group-relative advantage to equally rewarded responses within a question, leaving their generation uncertainty unused. We introduce MGE-PO, centered on four-quadrant (4Q) advantage shaping that combines verified correctness with rollout generation entropy. Correctness determines the sign of an add...

Ji-Hao Huang, Guang-Jia Chai, Zhi-Rui Chen et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

MultiAgent-OPD: End-to-End Training of Hierarchical Multi-Agent Systems with On-Policy Distillation

In a hierarchical multi-agent system, a Leader assigns tasks and subagents carry them out. Jointly training the Leader and the subagents is difficult because a final answer gives only indirect feedback to the subagents. An LLM judge can score the performance of the subagents, but these scores depend on the judge's own...

Yuhan Sun, Jiaxin Zhao, Yongdong Luo et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

ReLaDrift: Recurrent Language Generation via Drifting for Test-Time Scaling

Drifting Models generate a sample with a single function evaluation, making them attractive for fast parallel language generation, but their one-step formulation does not support iterative refinement. We propose Recurrent Language Generation via Drifting (ReLaDrift), which uses a shared Drifting Model to generate an in...

Yuki Otsuka, Daisuke Oba, Naoaki Okazaki · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

MAS-Bai: Linguistically Informed Adaptive Multi-Agent Translation for Bowen-Script Bai

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain unreliable for extremely low-resource languages whose writing systems conflict with high-resource pretraining priors. We study Bai-Chinese translation in the Bowen script, where Chinese characters are frequently borrowed phonetically rather than semantically, causing severe literal-t...

Jingting Zheng (TJUNLP Lab, School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

AMEND: Constraint-Guided Multi-Agent Text Detoxification with Isolated Critics

Text detoxification requires balancing toxicity removal, semantic preservation, and fluency. Existing methods typically optimize an unconstrained scalar objective---enabling safety scores to mask semantic loss---or rely on open-ended iterative debate prone to semantic drift and high computational cost. We propose AMEND...

Tianyu Wang · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

What LLMs Do in the Shadows: Reading Context Reliance from the Unembedding Dark Space

Detecting faithfulness hallucinations in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their safe deployment in high-stakes domains. Recent approaches address this by contrasting contextual against parametric knowledge utilization, yet measuring context reliance typically demands noticeable overhead, such as materializin...

A. Kuleshova, Andrey Volodichev, Daria Kotova et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Do Speech BCIs Need Larger Models? Rethinking Neural Decoding beyond Scaling

Recent speech brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) increasingly rely on large models and complex multi-stage pipelines for neural decoding. However, in speech BCI, where training data are scarce, noisy, and expensive to collect, the benefits of model scaling remain unclear. This work revisits a fundamental question: are la...

Ze-Hui Feng, Wei-Chuan Wang, Xiaohui Chen et al. · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Oct 2026

Chinese Decision: A Family of Language Models for Single-Pass Probabilistic Decision-Making

Chinese Decision, a family of Chinese-language decision models that adapts pretrained causal language models to this interface, is presented, a family of Chinese-language decision models that adapts pretrained causal language models to this interface that covers Boolean judgments, categorical choices, and ordinal score...

Qi-Yong Yan · 0 citations
#natural language process... Preprint Open access Oct 2026

Cross-Centaur: Modeling Individual Decision-Making Across Psychological Tasks with Language Models

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as computational models of human behavior. Recent models such as Centaur have advanced this goal by fine-tuning LLMs on trial-by-trial decisions from psychological experiments. However, existing large-scale behavioral datasets do not link the same participants across d...

Hikaru Asano, Hidezo Suganuma, Ryutaro Mori et al. · 0 citations

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Microsoft Research Blog Oct 22, 2026

Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations

Flint-interactive gives AI agents a language for creating interactive visualizations. Click a chart, filter data, highlight related content, and explore beyond the view the author originally chose. The post Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations appeared first on Microsoft Research.

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