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small language model

3,317 papers

#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Recursive Offline Distillation via Entropy Gain Sampling and Answer Mixing

This work proposes a recursive offline distillation method combining two components: entropy-based sampling for selective distillation and answer mixing, and a comparative analysis of methods to generate and normalize distillation traces.

Andrey Goncharov, Daniil Vyazhev, С. С. Епанов et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Diminishing Returns of Data in Sparse Autoencoders: Functional Behavior does not Guarantee Feature Reproducibility

This work studies how much activation data SAEs need by training four SAE architectures on three language models with budgets ranging from 5M tokens to a 500M-token reference, and measures two notions of convergence: functional behavior on standard evaluations and one-to-one reproducibility of learned features.

Sambit Ghosh, Madelyn Mathai, R. Babu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Discovering state-of-the-art quantum circuits with large language models

Significant efforts are currently being directed toward the implementation of large-scale quantum information processors, but realizing useful quantum advantage also requires the development of efficient quantum algorithms. While for many practical problems the dominant resource costs are associated with a small set of...

An-Di Gu, Alek H. Kemeny, S. Yelin et al. · 1 citation
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Language Is a Security Surface for Agent Guards

This work builds LinguaGuardBench from the 1,220 labelled steps of TS-Bench AgentDojo-Traj, translating only the user instruction into German, French, Turkish, Swahili and Amharic, and keeps every tool call, observation and label byte-identical, so any change in a verdict is attributable to language alone.

Hasan Demirkiran, Jens Ernstberger · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

EMO: A Closed-Loop Test-Time Computation Framework via Alternating Context Optimization and Logits Steering

Test-time context optimization adapts frozen language models through textual feedback, but ordinary conditional generation provides no separate control over how strongly to reinforce the distributional changes induced by a context update. We introduce EMO, a training-free framework inspired by expectation--maximization...

Wei Xia, Ye-Hui Tang, Zhi-Hong Deng · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

When Does Muon Actually Win? A Paired Data-, Time-, and Tuning-Budget Benchmark

Muon's gains in data efficiency motivate evaluating its performance under explicit data, time, and tuning budgets. On a single A100 GPU, we compare a reference single-device Muon implementation with AdamW across 17.7M- and 33.6M-parameter causal language models and 2.70M-parameter vision transformers. A common 23-candi...

M. Akhtar, H. Nounou, M. Mansouri et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Review Oct 2026

Trajectory-Level Speculation with Semantic Verification for Tool-Using Agents

Large language model agents solve tasks through long sequences of tool calls, and the prevailing design has a single strong model generate every step, although many steps are routine enough for a much smaller model. Existing ways of sharing this work keep the strong model as the generator: routers and collaborative age...

Zi-Lin Wang, Yinhong Liu, Chao Chen et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Conference Open access Oct 2026

ESG-Kor: A Korean Dataset for ESG-related Information Extraction and Practical Use Cases

With the expansion of pre-trained language model usage in recent years, the importance of datasets for performing tasks in specialized domains has significantly increased. Therefore, we have built a Korean dataset called ESG-Kor to automatically extract Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information, which has...

Jaeyoung Lee, Geonyeong Son, Misuk Kim · 3 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

System1-Arena: Which Decisions Can Be Left to System 1?

The largest System-1 models match or exceed fast closed LLMs in non-agentic accuracy, with better-calibrated probabilities at one-quarter of the latency, and a reasoning LLM is the most accurate, at about 70x the cost of a fast LLM.

Tian-Yu Chen, Xin-Yang Liu, Ru-Yi An et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Review Oct 2026

CARE-SD: Explainable Reasoning Architecture for Local SLM Self-Disclosure Analysis in Textual Data

Cybersecurity interviews uncover critical security experiences, behaviors, and privacy concerns often not fully captured by conventional technical assessments. Consequently, identifying genuine self-disclosures is challenging because statements are context-dependent, categories overlap, and automated interpretations ma...

Aisvarya Adeseye, Adeyemi Adeseye, Mohammad Tahir et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

When is a better LLM worth paying for? Stochastic Optimization with Switching Mixed-Fidelity Oracles

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used upstream of decision-making to clean data, detect label errors, and reconstruct missing values. Yet LLM-assisted data curation creates a new operational tradeoff: higher-fidelity models and richer prompts can be substantially more expensive, while the value of this add...

Swati Gupta, Tian-Jiao Li · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Learning to Read Out: Unembedding Dynamics in Language Model Pretraining

When does a language model acquire a capability? Developmental studies usually answer this by tracking when models start producing the correct token. But that prediction passes through the unembedding matrix, or readout, which is itself still being learned during pretraining. We show that a model's hidden states can en...

Matteo He, William F. Shen, Alexandru Iacob et al. · 0 citations

From tech blogs

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MIT News · Artificial Intelligence Oct 23, 2026

Q&A: How AI came to model the “messy” human mind

Assistant Professor Benjamin Lindquist studies how engineers deliberately injected randomness into early AI, giving rise to deep-learning models that sometimes hallucinate.

Microsoft Research Blog Oct 22, 2026

Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations

Flint-interactive gives AI agents a language for creating interactive visualizations. Click a chart, filter data, highlight related content, and explore beyond the view the author originally chose. The post Flint-interactive: A language for creating interactive data visualizations appeared first on Microsoft Research.

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