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small language model

3,656 papers

#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Translate, Search, or Answer: Cost-Aware Cross-Lingual Retrieval for Kazakh Small Language Models

This work systematically compares zero-shot parametric generation, in-language retrieval, and cross-lingual (translate-then-retrieve) web search using three 4B-parameter SLMs in both reasoning and non-reasoning modes and proposes a training-free, self-aware router that uses majority voting over repeated self-verificati...

Akylbek Maxutov, Nūrali Medeu, Vladimir Albrekht et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Review Open access Aug 2026

Factors influencing the efficacy of programmed cell death protein 1 / programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

Current evidence supports PD-L1 as the most widely implemented biomarker, but no single factor adequately captures the biological and temporal heterogeneity of treatment response, so integrated, dynamic, and context-specific biomarker models are required to improve precision immuno-oncology.

Long-Hua Lu, Ze-Yang Zeng, Zi-Qi Guan et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Using multimodal foundational models to predict neoantigen immunogenicity and vaccine effectiveness across different tumor types

This work is the first to use a multi-modal foundation model for neoantigen vaccines, overcoming the tumor-type-specific constraints of conventional approaches and facilitating joint modelling of immunogenicity and clinical efficacy, thereby offering an AI decision engine for precision cancer vaccine design that is app...

Gang Liu, Jia Wang, Jia Zhu · 2 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

Communicating Credit Risk with Large Language Models: Evaluation of Explanations from Standard and Alternative Data-Based Models

This work examines whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can serve as explanation layers that translate post-hoc explanation artefacts into stakeholder-appropriate risk narratives and discusses implications for the governance of risk models, including deployment considerations and the value of domain-aligned LLMs in reg...

Sahab Zandi, Noah Kostesku, Christophe Mues et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

OVIP-SG: Open-Vocabulary Instance-Preserving Scene Graphs for Mapping and Retrieval of Small, Fine-Grained Objects

OVIP-SG is presented, a unified framework for instance-preserving semantic mapping, functional scene partitioning, and language-guided small, fine-grained object retrieval that outperforms ConceptGraphs under a unified evaluation protocol on Replica.

Tianjing Hao, Hai-Yu Lan, Ang Li et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Developing of Flipbook-Assisted Experiential Learning Media to Enhance Vocational Students’ Mathematical Critical Thinking

The findings indicate that anchoring experiential loops within a scannable digital format systematically drives uniform cognitive gains, offering a robust pedagogical vehicle for vocational mathematics education.

A. Yuliani, Aflich Yusnita Fitrianna, Norma Alias · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

XRF-to-Optical Field-of-View Localization with Vision Language Models

This paper evaluates training-free vision language model (VLM) localization on two datasets representing same-section high-correspondence and adjacent-section low-correspondence imaging and tests unconstrained and metadata-constrained search and VLMs with geometric controls, classical template matching, and two alterna...

Xiang-Yu Yin, T. Paunesku, Letonia Copeland-Hardin et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Training-free counterfactual hallucination mitigation method for large vision-language models

This work proposes CounterfactualLVLM, a training-free and plug-and-play framework that mitigates object hallucinations via small-model-assisted counterfactual reasoning and highlights the power of counterfactual guidance as a simple yet effective paradigm for enhancing factual grounding in LVLM-based multi-modal reaso...

Xilin Li, Bo-Yue Wang, Xiao-Qian Ju et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Does generative AI mean the “end of history” for pharmacovigilance automation? towards a framework for the future of human-AI systems

This perspective examines recent developments in AI for PV and introduces a conceptual framework of “computable PV,” in which tasks are evaluated based on their computational tractability and suitability for automation.

Leihong Wu, Joshua Xu, Oanh Dang et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Book Open access Aug 2026

Extracting Logical Structure in Code Documents via Semantic Segmentation and Language Models

Two language-model-based strategies are proposed for semantic code document segmentation, including a line-by-line approach that classifies each line of code separately before grouping the results into functional units, and a range-based approach that aims to directly determine groups of code lines from the input.

A. Dahou, A. Scherp, Sebastian Kurten et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

The Evaluation Context Protocol (ECP): A Portable Contract for AI Agent Evaluation

This paper proposes the Evaluation Context Protocol (ECP), an early-stage, vendor-neutral framework intended to act as a portable evaluation contract layer for agentic systems and describes an open-source reference implementation that includes adapters for LangChain, LlamaIndex, CrewAI, and PydanticAI.

Aniket Wattamwar, Manav Anandani, Mrunal Kakirwar · 0 citations

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