small language model

Application of large language models for assigning clear cell likelihood score v2.0 from free-text MRI reports: a feasibility study.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of four large language models (LLMs) for automated feature extraction and clear cell likelihood score version 2.0 (ccLS v2.0) assignment from free-text reports using a multi-step prompting strategy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter study include...

Counting What Inspection Misses: Auditing an LLM-Generated Quiz Bank for an Educational Game

LLMs make it cheap for a small team to write the assessment content of an educational game, and the result usually reads well. We audited the 500-item bilingual multiple-choice bank of a shipped educational RPG, generated by an LLM coding assistant, against a plan fixed before any audit model was run. Factually, the ba...

On-Device Multimodal Small Language Models for Privacy- Preserving Edge Intelligence Through Quantization Pruning Distillation and Energy-Efficient Inference

This review examines architectures, compression techniques, privacy mechanisms, and energy-efficient inference strategies for multimodal small language models operating on smartphones, wearables, vehicles, robots, cameras, and embedded Internet of Things platforms, and develops a deploymentcentric taxonomy.

Towards sustainable and energy-efficient agentic AI via small language models: A comprehensive survey

Creation and Collapse Mechanism: Forward and Reverse Pathways, Quantization, and the 2.8\,M_\odot Fundamental Black Hole Unit

This work presents a comprehensive, plain-language framework detailing the symmetrical relationship between the forward construction of matter and its gravitational reversal. The hypothesis outlines a five-part model spanning from fundamental fields to black hole formation: Part 1: Building (Forward): Matter is constru...

Corporate Criminal Liability in Spain: Rethinking Article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code

Abstract The introduction of corporate criminal liability into Spanish law through Organic Law 5/2010 and its substantial reform by Organic Law 1/2015 marked a decisive departure from the traditional maxim societas delinquere non potest. Article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code now permits criminal liability of legal p...

LUCID: A Training-Free Few-Shot Framework for Leaf Disease Diagnosis via Visual–Knowledge Evidence Fusion

The diagnosis of leaf diseases in medicinal and non-mainstream plants is often hindered by the scarcity of labeled samples, whereas existing deep learning methods generally rely on large-scale labeled datasets. Prototype-based few-shot methods are constrained by the limited number of support samples and fine-grained vi...

Enhancing hybrid information retrieval with hyperdimensional computing: a framework for efficient and robust knowledge-intensive NLP

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a practical framework for augmenting large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge sources. However, standard RAG pipelines often remain computationally intensive and exhibit sensitivity to input noise, particularly in real-world scenarios where queries can be...

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk is associated with AT(N)V neuroimaging biomarkers and cognitive impairment in the health and aging brain study–health disparities cohort

Cardiovascular risk is increasingly recognized as relevant to cognitive aging and dementia-related brain changes, yet its relationship to multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers of amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration, and vascular injury (AT(N)-V) remains incompletely understood in racially and ethnically diverse cohorts. W...

Corporate Criminal Liability in Spain: Rethinking Article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code

Abstract The introduction of corporate criminal liability into Spanish law through Organic Law 5/2010 and its substantial reform by Organic Law 1/2015 marked a decisive departure from the traditional maxim societas delinquere non potest. Article 31 bis of the Spanish Penal Code now permits criminal liability of legal p...

2nd law

**Abstract** We present a simple two-compartment model of CO₂ mixing with air to illustrate the second law of thermodynamics through three complementary propositions. Proposition 1 recalls the standard monotonic relaxation of local concentration (with possible overshoot). Proposition 2 introduces a local Boolean probe—...

Box-space sprinklings, sequential growth and the Lorentz cone

Preprint, not peer reviewed. This record contains the article, the Python scripts and logs that produce every number and table in it (including the interval-arithmetic certificates), and the LaTeX source. Plain-language summary Causal set theory models spacetime as a discrete set of events ordered by cause and effect....