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small language model

845 papers

#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

Communicating Credit Risk with Large Language Models: Evaluation of Explanations from Standard and Alternative Data-Based Models

This work examines whether Large Language Models (LLMs) can serve as explanation layers that translate post-hoc explanation artefacts into stakeholder-appropriate risk narratives and discusses implications for the governance of risk models, including deployment considerations and the value of domain-aligned LLMs in regulated credit settings.

Sahab Zandi, Noah Kostesku, Christophe Mues et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

OVIP-SG: Open-Vocabulary Instance-Preserving Scene Graphs for Mapping and Retrieval of Small, Fine-Grained Objects

OVIP-SG is presented, a unified framework for instance-preserving semantic mapping, functional scene partitioning, and language-guided small, fine-grained object retrieval that outperforms ConceptGraphs under a unified evaluation protocol on Replica.

Tianjing Hao, Hai-Yu Lan, Ang Li et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Developing of Flipbook-Assisted Experiential Learning Media to Enhance Vocational Students’ Mathematical Critical Thinking

The findings indicate that anchoring experiential loops within a scannable digital format systematically drives uniform cognitive gains, offering a robust pedagogical vehicle for vocational mathematics education.

A. Yuliani, Aflich Yusnita Fitrianna, Norma Alias · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

XRF-to-Optical Field-of-View Localization with Vision Language Models

This paper evaluates training-free vision language model (VLM) localization on two datasets representing same-section high-correspondence and adjacent-section low-correspondence imaging and tests unconstrained and metadata-constrained search and VLMs with geometric controls, classical template matching, and two alternative training-free approaches.

Xiangyu Yin, T. Paunesku, Letonia Copeland-Hardin et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Training-free counterfactual hallucination mitigation method for large vision-language models

This work proposes CounterfactualLVLM, a training-free and plug-and-play framework that mitigates object hallucinations via small-model-assisted counterfactual reasoning and highlights the power of counterfactual guidance as a simple yet effective paradigm for enhancing factual grounding in LVLM-based multi-modal reasoning.

Xilin Li, Boyue Wang, Xiaoqian Ju et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Open access Aug 2026

Does generative AI mean the “end of history” for pharmacovigilance automation? towards a framework for the future of human-AI systems

This perspective examines recent developments in AI for PV and introduces a conceptual framework of “computable PV,” in which tasks are evaluated based on their computational tractability and suitability for automation.

Leihong Wu, Joshua Xu, Oanh Dang et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Book Open access Aug 2026

Extracting Logical Structure in Code Documents via Semantic Segmentation and Language Models

Two language-model-based strategies are proposed for semantic code document segmentation, including a line-by-line approach that classifies each line of code separately before grouping the results into functional units, and a range-based approach that aims to directly determine groups of code lines from the input.

Abdelhalim Hafedh Dahou, A. Scherp, Sebastian Kurten et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

The Evaluation Context Protocol (ECP): A Portable Contract for AI Agent Evaluation

This paper proposes the Evaluation Context Protocol (ECP), an early-stage, vendor-neutral framework intended to act as a portable evaluation contract layer for agentic systems and describes an open-source reference implementation that includes adapters for LangChain, LlamaIndex, CrewAI, and PydanticAI.

Aniket Wattamwar, Manav Anandani, Mrunal Kakirwar · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

Grading Needs a Rubric, Not Intelligence

Small language models can grade open-ended examination answers as reliably as substantially more expensive models when they grade against an explicit rubric. We test this claim as the design principle behind any-to-bench: a frontier model reads source documents once, at ingestion, to extract each question and its rubric; lower-cost models then perform all repeated grading work. We evaluate six cost-efficient model configurations from two model families at three reasoning-effort levels. Each configuration answers 24 open-ended examination questions, and each also grades every answer sheet three times, yielding 3,456 per-question grades. Scores depend overwhelmingly on the answer being graded: answer identity explains 95.6% of score variance, whereas judge identity explains only 0.2%. Raising a writer's reasoning effort moves earned scores by as much as 0.143 of full marks, while raising a judge's reasoning effort moves assigned scores by at most 0.006. Six frontier-tier judges, added as a check, reproduce these scores and are no more reliable as a panel. Two ablations then decompose the rubric on the same questions and answers. Removing its criteria and levels while keeping the official answer changes nothing measurable. Removing the official answer as well collapses reliability (ICC 0.888 to 0.628), inflates scores, and makes judge reasoning effort matter again. The rubric is what decouples grading from judge intelligence, and within the rubric the official answer does nearly all the work. We find no evidence of length preference or same-family preference under rubric-anchored grading.

Jhen-Ke Lin · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Aug 2026

Do Large Language Models Play Six Degrees of Separation? Measuring Topological Compression in Long-Context Manifolds

This work mathematically formalizes how transformers execute abstract reasoning and provides a novel, strictly geometric signature for evaluating factual reliability, proving that deep LLM latent spaces natively organize into Small-World networks.

Md. Faiyaz Abdullah Sayeedi · 0 citations
#small language model Review Open access Aug 2026

Augmented Reality Supported by Deep-Learning-Oriented Pedagogy for Solar System Learning: Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Junior High School Students’ Creative Thinking

An augmented reality learning medium integrated with a deep-learning-oriented pedagogy for the Solar System topic supports the feasibility and educational promise of combining interactive AR visualization with cognitively engaging pedagogy.

Bagas Brilian Ramadhan, Meida Wulan Sari, S. Yamtinah et al. · 0 citations

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