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small language model

3,445 papers

#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

A Systematic Study of Small Language Models on Abstract Reasoning Tasks

Endpoint accuracy on abstract-reasoning benchmarks does not reveal whether a language model has acquired a transferable rule or fit distribution-specific regularities. We study this distinction in small language models on the ARC-TGI benchmark, which organizes abstract grid transformations into controllable task famili...

Nur A. Zarin Nishat, Jens Lehmann, Andrei C. Aioanei et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Finding the Heads and the Neurons Responsible for Network Information Retrieval in Language Models

We ask whether specific attention heads, and more finely specific neurons inside those heads, are responsible for recognizing that a language model's context contains network infrastructure information (a hostname paired with its IP address), and whether that responsibility can be validated causally rather than by corr...

M. Kadir, Md. Mohashin Hossain, Daniel Sonntag University of Oldenburg et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

Align, Then Correct: Training-Free Two-Stage Low-Rank Compensation for Extremely Quantized Large Language Models

Low-rank quantization error compensation (LQEC) recovers the accuracy lost under aggressive weight quantization by attaching a closed-form rank-$r$ adapter beside each frozen quantized weight, without any training. We show that existing compensators are limited by two shared simplifications. They calibrate symmetricall...

Seobin Song, Geonho Lee, Janghwan Lee et al. · 0 citations
#machine learning Preprint Oct 2026

$\alpha$Transfer: Coefficient Transfer for Efficient Model Merging

Model merging offers a promising solution for combining multiple fine-tuned checkpoints into a single model through parameter arithmetic. However, finding optimal merging coefficients requires an extensive search that becomes prohibitively expensive as models scale in both size and number, due to high memory requiremen...

Shih-Cheng Huang, Zhi Rui Tam, Chieh-Yen Lin et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

WASD: Wasserstein-based Knowledge Distillation for Large Language Models

Autoregressive large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced in capability, but their increasing scale comes with substantial computational and memory costs at inference time. Knowledge distillation (KD) offers a practical solution by transferring knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student model via...

Byeonghu Na, Donghyeok Shin, Yeongmin Kim et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

Which and When to Admit: Gradient Admission for Data-Centric Small Language Model Finetuning

This work proposes GRADE (GRadient-Aligned Data-centric rEcipe), a data-centric framework combining two mechanisms: a state-aware selector that continually admits samples aligned with the evolving multi-task gradient field, and a self-calibrating step-level gate that rejects updates likely to cause destructive overwrit...

Hong-Yu Cao, Yan-Chi Liu, Kun-Peng Liu et al. · 0 citations
#artificial intelligence Preprint Oct 2026

TRIAGE: Direction-Aware Mismatch Stabilization of Native NVFP4 Reinforcement Learning

This paper characterize the interaction between mismatch and the policy-gradient direction, distinguishing locally amplifying from contracting update contributions that mismatch magnitude alone cannot identify and introduces TRIAGE, a direction-aware stabilization method that uses segment-level diagnosis to selectively...

Zhen Li, Shuai Zhang, Yang-Gan Gu et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Oct 2026

When Layer Selection Misleads Speech Depression Detection

It is argued nested model-selection protocols should be standard when probing encoder layer representations on small clinical speech datasets, and a fair comparison across representation families identifies a compact, task-aligned affect--prosody model as competitive with substantially more complex SSL, deep-learning,...

P. A. Pérez-Toro, David Gimeno-Gómez, D. Rückert et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Oct 2026

Lens3D: Target-Conditioned Visual Foveation for Fine-Grained 3D Understanding

Experiments demonstrate that LensDistill substantially improves fine-grained object captioning while preserving existing grounding and scene-level QA performance, and establish the feasibility of transferring externally acquired fine-grained knowledge into native 3D LLMs.

Jun-Ming Huang, Zi-Ni Chen, Shuai-Ying Hou et al. · 0 citations
#small language model Preprint Oct 2026

On the Comparison of Optimizers for Imbalanced Learning

This work studies idealized optimizers geometries in continuous time to model small-step training in deep learning and characterize a region where majority losses are optimized regardless of the admissible minority structure.

Clément Lezane, François Bachoc, Jérôme Bolte et al. · 0 citations

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