Apigenin as a Potential Modulator of Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review

Abstract

Simple Summary Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, causing chronic inflammation, damage, and disability. Current treatments target the immune system but often bring side effects and fail to stop the ongoing loss of neurons. Naturally occurring compounds are increasingly studied for their ability to modulate neuroinflammation. This review explores apigenin, a natural compound abundantly found in parsley, chamomile, and citrus fruits, focusing on its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties as a potential adjuvant treatment for multiple sclerosis. The available evidence indicates that apigenin lowers overactive immune cell responses, reduces damaging inflammatory signals, and helps to protect neurons. Despite this consistent mechanistic evidence in various animal models, direct data in humans remain limited to a small number of studies on immune cells taken from patients, and no clinical trials have tested apigenin as a treatment. Further research, including clinical trials, is needed to confirm whether apigenin can help to manage and improve treatment of those affected by the disease.