Evaluating Slope Instability in a Volcanic Caldera Environment Using GIS-Based 3D Analysis: Mt. Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi

Geomorphic and Remote Sensing‐Based Evaluation of Active Faults and Geological Hazards in the Muzaffarabad Region, NW Himalaya

Geomorphic features, drainage patterns and topography are key indicators of active tectonics. This study examines geomorphological characteristics and geological hazards, specifically earthquakes and landslides, in the Muzaffarabad region. The findings contribute to disaster risk reduction and achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). Field‐based geomorphological studies and satellite imagery were used to analyse the geomorphological characteristics of the region. Five geomorphic indices, namely asymmetry factor (AF), drainage basin shape index (Db), slope analysis, valley floor width‐to‐height ( V f ) ratios and hypsometric curves, were calculated using shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model (SRTM DEM). Features such as drainage offsets, stream deflections, faceted spurs, seismicity, deformed recent sediments and point bars dissection near the Jhelum and Muzaffarabad faults suggest left‐lateral oblique‐slip motion, indicating the tectonically active nature of these faults. The geomorphic and neotectonics analysis concludes that the Muzaffarabad region is highly susceptible to earthquakes and landslides, particularly, in fault‐affected areas. A flood susceptibility analysis using multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) in ArcGIS was conducted to enhance climate resilience and disaster preparedness (SDG 13) and support (SDG 6) by identifying flood‐prone areas. Three high‐risk flood zones were identified: Neelum River–Shawai Nala confluence, Jhelum–Neelum rivers convergence at Domel and a low‐lying area near the Lohargali landslide. This study highlights the importance of integrating morphometric, geomorphological and geospatial techniques for effective disaster risk reduction (SDGs 11 and 13), climate‐resilient infrastructure (SDG 9), addressing SDG 6 and sustainable urban development, ensuring long‐term safety in tectonically active regions. Additionally, the methodology in this study, integrating multiple existing techniques, can be expanded for hazard assessment in other regions.

Dynamic landslide risk assessment (DLRA) using SBAS-InSAR method, integrated with geo-environmental data as temporal triggers in the Northwestern Himalayas, Pakistan

Integrated Assessment of Rock Slope Instability and Hazard in Basaltic Terrains of the Western Ghats, India

Structural Control and Evaluation of the Geothermal System in Seulawah Agam, Aceh: A Geological and Geophysical Approach Using Fault Fracture Density, Land Surface Temperature, and Gravity Data

Seulawah Agam, located in Aceh Province, is a Quaternary stratovolcano with notable geothermal manifestations, making it a promising target for renewable energy exploration. This study aims to evaluate the geothermal system and its structural controls through an integrated geological and geophysical approach. Geologically, Fault Fracture Density derived from remote sensing data is used to identify major fault zones, ridgelines, and structural trends that may act as conduits for geothermal fluid migration. Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from thermal infrared satellite imagery are employed to detect surface thermal anomalies indicative of subsurface geothermal activity. Geophysically, gravity data processed into Complete Bouguer Anomaly (CBA) and derivative maps are used to delineate subsurface structures, density contrasts, and potential heat sources. The study area covers approximately 17 × 16 km, with Bouguer anomaly values ranging from a minimum of 394.74 mGal to a maximum of 614.23 mGal. The integration of these datasets allows for the correlation between surface features and deeper geothermal reservoirs, highlighting structurally controlled zones with elevated geothermal potential. Preliminary findings indicate that NE-SW and NW-SE trending lineaments intersect with thermal anomalies and gravity lows, suggesting the presence of deep-seated fractures and fault zones associated with heat migration pathways. The study emphasizes the importance of structural mapping and geophysical validation in assessing geothermal viability. This integrated approach provides a robust foundation for future exploration efforts in Seulawah Agam and supports Indonesia’s broader goals for sustainable and renewable energy development in tectonically active regions.

Integrated GIS-based multi-criteria and geospatial approach for seismic hazard mapping in the arabian–eurasian convergence zone

Earthquakes represent one of the most destructive natural hazards, particularly in developing regions along the convergence zone of the Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates, where they result in severe human casualties, extensive infrastructure damage, and major economic losses. This study applies an integrated methodology that combines geospatial data with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to produce the first regional-scale, screening-level Seismic Hazard Zonation (SHZ) map for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), situated at this tectonic boundary. Eight governing factors, including distance to active faults, tectonic lineaments, lithological characteristics, soil properties, earthquake magnitude, seismic frequency, and focal depth, were analyzed and weighted according to their relative influence on seismic hazard potential. Validation using the Frequency Ratio (FR) approach demonstrated FR values below 1 in low-susceptibility areas, approximately 1 in moderate-hazard zones, above 1 in the high hazard class (FR = 1.66), and markedly elevated in the very high hazard class (FR = 9.27), indicating a positive spatial association between the modeled hazard distribution and recorded seismic events; the latter value is partly inflated by the small areal extent of the very high class and the spatial clustering of events within it. The analysis categorized KRI into five hazard levels: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Approximately 2,284 km 2 (4.9%) of the region falls within the very high hazard class, highlighting the urgent need for site-specific mitigation measures and disaster preparedness strategies. Overall, this screening-level relative zonation provides a first-order spatial prioritization of seismic hazard in the KRI, supporting regional planning and guiding policymakers toward areas where detailed site-specific investigations, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, and geotechnical characterization should be prioritized.

Anthropogenic fill and geological-hydrological controls on progressive failure in the 2023 Stenungsund quick-clay landslide (SW Sweden)

On 23 September 2023, a rapid quick-clay landslide occurred at the Stenungsund interchange on the E6 highway in southwestern Sweden, severely damaging national and local infrastructure and closing a key transport corridor for 285 days. The landslide affected approximately 15 ha, with a runout of 620 m and an estimated displaced volume of 1.2–1.85 million m 3 . This study reconstructs the geological, hydrological, and anthropogenic conditions that led to failure by integrating field observations, stratigraphic and geotechnical data, LiDAR-based elevation models, aerial and satellite imagery, and hydrological flow modeling. The site is underlain by thick late- and postglacial marine clays interbedded with permeable silt, sand, and shell-rich layers within a fracture-valley landscape. These sediments facilitated groundwater flow and salt leaching, resulting in high clay sensitivity. Results suggest initiation as a deep-seated translational progressive failure beneath anthropogenic fill, as inferred from finite element modeling and field observations/stratigraphy. Construction-related loading was interpreted as the primary trigger, while altered drainage patterns, increased infiltration along fractured bedrock, and elevated pore-water pressures—likely intensified by heavy rainfall shortly before the event—controlled the timing and magnitude of the failure. Loss of resistance downslope enabled the rapid mobilization of quick clay and resulted in large horizontal displacements. The Stenungsund event demonstrates how cumulative anthropogenic modifications can destabilize sensitive clay slopes. The findings highlight the importance of integrated geological–hydrogeological assessments in infrastructure planning and the need for improved risk management in quick-clay terrain.