Relational Attention for Data-Efficient Language Modeling

Abstract

We present Relational BabyLM, a system submission to the BabyLM 2026 challenge that combines two cognitively motivated inductive biases in a single decoder-only Transformer. Architecturally, we replace standard self-attention with a Dual Attention Transformer (DAT), which separates the routing of object-level ("sensory") lexical features from structural/relational information (Altabaa and Lafferty, 2025; Altabaa et al., 2024; Webb et al., 2024; Kerg et al., 2022; Webb et al., 2021). Relational attention (RA) disentangled from self-attention greatly increases data efficiency and out-of-training-sample generalization on purely relational tasks, but language modeling requires object-level and relational information to be integrated as well as disentangled, and RA-based LMs have remained largely unexplored. BabyLM's data-constrained training and comprehensive evaluation is an ideal testing ground for whether that data efficiency transfers. As a training intervention, we add a Next-Latent Prediction (NextLat; Teoh et al. 2026) objective that encourages hidden states to compress history incrementally into a dense belief state. Architecture is the dominant factor for structural linguistic generalization; the objective is secondary but still significant. DAT's three relational attention types (full RA vs. the simpler RCA and DisRCA variants) are largely interchangeable at 10M words; full RA pulls ahead at 100M. We also introduce a novel symbol-retrieval mechanism (RoPE-based, as opposed to learned, relative symbols) that matches learned symbol libraries while adding no parameters. On the strict (100M-word) track, our best model ranks 6th of 55 overall and 3rd of 55 on the leaderboard's NLP-task subset at the time of writing; our two strongest models outperform the GPT-2 baseline on most benchmarks, with one attaining the highest EWoK score among strict-track entries.