With the rapid development of wireless communication technologies, mobile devices, and distributed systems, the scale and dynamics of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are increasing, which results in increasingly stringent requirements for routing protocols. The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), as a hybrid routing protocol...
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) enable infrastructure-free wireless communication by allowing mobile nodes to cooperate as routers over multiple hops. Their flexibility is valuable in emergency response, tactical communication, temporary field networks, disaster recovery, and mobile sensing, but reliable Quality of Ser...
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) provide infrastructure-independent wireless communication through dynamically formed multi-hop links among mobile nodes. Their decentralized operation makes them suitable for disaster recovery, military communication, emergency services, temporary networks, and remote monitoring. However...
Dynamic traffic conditions represent one of the most disruptive factors in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) routing, inducing network congestion, elevated packet drop, and increased delay. Conventional proactive routing protocols such as Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), with their static parameter configur...
Different routing methods for cognitive sensor networks are looked at, including drop ratio, which will assist in lowering the cost of living and guarantee that the data can be handled by nodes with a low dropping ratio.
A novel energy-efficient multipath routing for load balancing (EMRD-LB) is capable of improving the routing performance and reducing delay, reduces packets dropping and improves data receiving.
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