Aug 2026· Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology· Vol 13· 0 citations· 54 references
TL;DR
This systematic review critically examines hybrid models of quantum and classical artificial intelligence, focusing on architectures for quantum key distribution, intrusion detection, network management, and the integration of post-quantum cryptography, concluding that current evidence supports application-specific feasibility rather than universal quantum advantage.
Abstract
The emerging era of quantum computing has highlighted the importance of secure communication systems that combine quantum-resistant cryptography, quantum communication, and advanced security analytics. This systematic review critically examines hybrid models of quantum and classical artificial intelligence, focusing on architectures for quantum key distribution (QKD), intrusion detection, network management, and the integration of post-quantum cryptography. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies from January 2020 to July 2026 were sourced from IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Wiley Online Library, and backward citation searches. Out of these, 30 primary studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated using an eight-item quality rubric and a five-level evidence-maturity framework. The findings are grouped into three categories: AI-enhanced QKD and secure communication, hybrid quantum–classical learning for intrusion detection, and post-quantum or hybrid cryptographic solutions. AI-supported QKD research has shown notable reductions in parameter search time while maintaining near-optimal secret-key rates, primarily in simulation settings. Hybrid quantum machine learning models showed competitive intrusion detection accuracy and F1 scores, but improvements over classical methods were modest, dataset-dependent, and often lacked comprehensive reporting on false positives, statistical significance, or computational costs. Post-quantum cryptography approaches demonstrated greater maturity, with evaluations involving Transport Layer Security (TLS), Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), embedded devices, wireless links, and hardware accelerators, although performance varied with platform resources, cryptographic object sizes, network conditions, and side-channel protections. Among the studies, half were simulation-based, 30% involved laboratory experiments, and 20% were functional prototypes; none showed sustained operational deployment of an integrated hybrid quantum–classical AI security system. The review concludes that current evidence supports application-specific feasibility rather than universal quantum advantage. Achieving practical deployment requires standardized benchmarking, comparable classical baselines, transparent cost analysis, hardware validation, interoperable protocols, and longer-term field testing.
The rapid advancement of quantum computing presents an existential threat to the mathematical foundations of modern internet security. Fault-tolerant quantum computers are projected to reach the logical qubit scale necessary to execute Shor's algorithm by 2030–2035, threatening currently deployed public-key cryptography infrastructures.
We evaluate the performance metrics of integrating post-quantum cryptography (PQC), specifically the newly finalized NIST standards (FIPS 203, 204, and 205), with quantum key distribution (QKD) across communication networks.
Our analysis demonstrates that while hybrid PQC-QKD models reduce long-term key compromise probabilities to near 0%, they introduce a 15% to 40% increase in bandwidth overhead during initial cryptographic handshakes.
Given that enterprise-wide cryptographic migrations historically require 7–10 years, organizations face an immediate vulnerability window against “harvest now, decrypt later” adversaries. Ultimately, we propose a phased, cryptographically agile framework to achieve a Zero-Trust, Quantum-Safe network architecture within a 5-year implementation timeline.
R. Delhibabu· Frontiers of Computer Scienc...· 0 citations
In the rapidly evolving landscape of cybersecurity, traditional cryptographic systems are increasingly vulnerable to attacks, including brute-force, side-channel, man-in-the-middle, replay, and ransomware attacks, highlight the limitations of classical encryption techniques. Quantum cryptography leverages the no-cloning theorem and the properties of quantum states to establish fundamentally secure communication protocols with intrinsic eavesdropping detection capabilities. This security framework provides information-theoretic protection beyond the mathematical assumptions underlying conventional cryptographic systems. Quantum image security has evolved into two major paradigms: Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC). Although recent surveys have reviewed both approaches chronologically, they have not systematically analysed their security thresholds The objective of this paper proposes a three-axis taxonomy of QSDC protocols, classifying them by quantum resource type, physical transmission channel, and device trust model. Furthermore, it presents a comparative performance analysis of QKD employing a hyperchaotic cipher over QSDC channels across seven quantum image representations, including FRQI, NEQR, GQIR, and MCQI. The analysis shows that QKD-seeded schemes achieve efficient key distribution, whereas pixel-level security remains dependent on cipher complexity. In contrast, QSDC provides end-to-end security governed by quantum mechanical principles; hyperentangled carriers achieve an eavesdropping detection probability of 0.875 compared with 0.5 for conventional two-step protocols, although communication throughput remains a limiting factor. Based on these findings, this review outlines future research directions, including QSDC-specific quantum repeaters for continental-scale deployment, hyperentangled carriers supporting up to 12 bits per photon pair compatible with NEQR’s 8-bit encoding, and machine-learning-assisted management of hybrid fiber–free-space quantum communication networks.
S. Deepika, N. Jeyanthi· Frontiers of Physics· 0 citations
Quantum computing presents both transformative potential and significant risks to modern information security by threatening widely used cryptographic algorithms. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Quantum Resistant Cybersecurity (QRCS), focusing on two principal approaches: quantum cryptography, which exploits core quantum information security principles such as quantum key distribution (QKD), and post-quantum cryptography (PQC), employing contemporary primitives designed to withstand quantum attacks. We examine the core concepts, challenges, and practical trade-offs associated with both paradigms, including protocol-level adaptations, standardization efforts, and integration with existing communication infrastructures. A hybrid QRCS framework is introduced that illustrates how quantum and classical channels can be secure to enhance overall communication system security. The core components of the nexus of the proposed framework are quantum encryption key, $K_{E}^{q}$, and leveraging the benefits of secret sharing of QKD. The paper presents a communication system including various components with an interaction of classical and quantum worlds. Furthermore, it also discusses organizational strategies for migration, risk assessment, and governance in preparation for the quantum era. Finally, key future directions are outlined, emphasizing the need for continued research, robust standardization, and interdisciplinary collaboration to enable timely and resilient deployment of quantum-safe systems.
Syed Usman Jamil, M. A. Khan, Md. Abdur Rahman et al.· 2026 6th International Confe...· 0 citations
The maturation of quantum computing hardware and algorithms has transformed what was once a theoretical
concern into an active planning priority for governments, enterprises, and standards bodies. This paper assesses the current
and projected threat that quantum computation poses to classical public-key cryptographic standards, namely RSA, elliptic
curve cryptography (ECC), and Diffie-Hellman key exchange, all of which derive their security from mathematical problems
that Shor's algorithm renders tractable on a sufficiently large fault-tolerant quantum computer. We synthesize recent
hardware progress, algorithmic refinements that have substantially reduced estimated qubit requirements, and the
finalization of NIST's post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standards (FIPS 203, 204, and 205) to provide an evidence-based
assessment of where the field stands as of mid-2026. Particular attention is given to the widening gap between optimistic
resource estimates, including a contested March 2026 claim of a thousand-fold reduction in factoring resources, and the
practical reality that no existing quantum computer approaches the logical qubit counts required to threaten deployed
encryption. We further examine migration challenges, including performance overhead, cryptographic agility, constraints
on embedded and IoT systems, and the harvest-now-decrypt-later threat model that makes migration urgency independent
of exact timeline predictions. Drawing on NIST transition guidance and recent G7 coordination targets, we argue that
organizations should treat cryptographic migration as a present-tense operational requirement rather than a future
contingency, regardless of unresolved disagreement among experts about when a cryptographically relevant quantum
computer will exist. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for risk-based migration prioritization and
identifies open research questions in cryptographic agility and quantum-resistant system design.
Ramya, Rashmi· International Journal of Inn...· 0 citations
Advancements in quantum computing pose critical risks to classical cryptographic systems that rely on the computational hardness of integer factorization and discrete logarithms. This paper presents an evaluation of quantum resistant key exchange mechanisms, emphasizing the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol and exploring emerging alternatives such as muon-based randomness for key generation. An implementation of the BB84 protocol using Microsoft’s Q# quantum programming language demonstrates its effectiveness in detecting eavesdropping through observable disturbances in quantum states. Simulations under both secure and compromised conditions confirm the protocol’s resilience against quantum based interception. Practical considerations such as scalability, noise tolerance, and hardware constraints are addressed, offering insight into the deployment challenges of QKD systems. Additionally, a comparative perspective is provided between quantum native approaches and post-quantum classical cryptographic solutions, including lattice-based schemes. The analysis supports the development of hybrid cryptographic infrastructures capable of withstanding quantum threats, thereby contributing to the future of secure communication systems.
M. Nayeem· International Conference Com...· 0 citations
The integration of sixth generation (6G) wireless communications, quantum information technologies, and autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) agents is emerging as an important and challenging research area in telecommunications. Although 6G promises extremely high data rates, ultra low latency, and ubiquitous connectivity, it also introduces significant security concerns. In particular, quantum computing threatens traditional cryptographic techniques used in current communication systems. This challenge requires new approaches for designing secure 6G infrastructures. In this context, this paper explores the integration of autonomous AI agents, which are reasoning enabled systems, with quantum communication technologies such as Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Post Quantum Cryptography (PQC). A literature review is conducted to examine current research on 6G security, quantum communications, and agentic AI, followed by the identification of research gaps and future directions. The paper also formulates and investigates key research questions related to quantum safe 6G security. In addition, applications across transformative 6G domains are discussed with a focus on quantum safe security concerns in five critical areas.
A. Bandi· International Conference Com...· 0 citations
