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Open access Jul 2026

Arabic for Understanding Qur’an: Analysis of Fehm E-Qur’an Course and Its Impact on University Students of Pakistan

This research basically tries to evaluate the impact of the Fehm-ul-Qur’an courses (I II) on Arabic language acquisition among university students. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan has recently mandated this course for all undergraduate and graduate programs (effective Fall 2025). These courses fundamentally facilitate comprehension of the Holy Qur’an; however, they have been structured in a way that also help in foundational Arabic learning. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study uses quantitative method by textual analysis of the prescribed textbook Muallim Ul Qur’an. On the other hand, quantitative methods have been employed during data collection from teachers and learners to evaluate pedagogical effectiveness and learning outcomes. The textbook has been analyzed including main Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs). Course contents focus on vocabulary acquisition, direct translation skills, grammatical competence, and syntactic awareness. With that, units of the book along with activities and exercises have been discussed in detail. Findings suggest that these activities are based on active learning and support incremental language acquisition. However, there are some notable challenges including variations in student preparedness and instructional delivery besides HEIs seriousness. In the end, it offers pedagogical and curricular recommendations for further Arabic language proficiency and improvement within higher education contexts in Pakistan i.e. separate course content at each degree (BS, MS/MPhil. and PhD) level.

Altaf Ahmed, Nasurullah Qureshi, Muzaffar Ali et al. · 0 citations
Aug 2026

The Spoken Language of the Rarh Region and Its Application in Literature

I would like to discuss the dialects of Birbhum and Burdwan districts in this article. For this, I have selected two Bengali novels: “Hansulubanker Upakatha” by Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay, which represents the dialect of Birbhum, and “Banapalashir Padabali” by Ramapada Choudhary, which represents the dialect of Burdwan. Additionally, I have also explored the social language of the Muslim community, as depicted in the novel “Agunpakhi” by Hasan Azizul Haque. I have noticed some differences between the characteristics of the Rardhi dialect of Bengali that have been discussed in Bengali linguistics for a long time and the spoken language of people in Birbhum and Burdwan districts. I believe there is a need for renewed research on Bengali dialects.

Srinibash Ghosh · 0 citations
Review Aug 2026

Romanized Arabic Across Dialects: Views, Usage Patterns, and Linguistic Variation

Arabizi refers to Arabic written in Latin script. Although previous studies have shown that the prevalence and usage of Arabizi vary by factors such as region and age group, most NLP research on Arabic texts treats it as a temporary phenomenon resulting from limited technological support for the Arabic script. In this work, we engage with Arabic speakers to collect insights on their perceptions and usage of Arabizi. We further examine writing norms among speakers of different dialects, focusing on Algerian, Egyptian, Lebanese, Moroccan, and Tunisian Arabic. To this end, we release two resources. First, a character-level alignment of Arabic words to study inter- and intra-dialectal variation across these five dialects, based on words transliterated by survey participants, finding systematic intra-dialectal regularity and inter-dialectal variation. Second, to study Arabic speakers'ability to identify this stylistic variation at the sentence-level, we build a manually curated parallel corpus of sentences written in Arabic script alongside multiple Arabizi transliterations, collected from speakers of the same five dialects. Our study presents the largest human-centered, cross-dialectal study of Arabizi's perceptions and practices to date.

Amr Keleg, Ahmed Amine Ben Abdallah, Taha Yassine et al. · 0 citations
Aug 2026

Challenges and Methodologies in Qurʾānic Translation: a Case Study of the Malay Language

Translating the Qurʾān from Classical Arabic into Malay presents profound linguistic, cultural, and theological challenges. Classical Arabic’s intricate morphology, polysemy, and rhetorical structures often lack direct Malay equivalents, while culturally specific metaphors and symbolic expressions risk semantic distortion when rendered literally. While previous studies have largely neglected the theological implications of rendering mutashābihāt (ambiguous) verses, as well as the linguistic, idiomatic, and figurative challenges involved, this study addresses that gap by examining a range of representative terms that pose linguistic, idiomatic, figurative, cultural, and theological challenges. Employing a qualitative semantic-thematic methodology grounded in classical tafsīr (exegesis) by authorities like al-Zamakhsharī and al-Rāzī, the research analyzes specific Malay translations, including the official Terjemahan Al-Qurʾān Bahasa Melayu . The verses subjected to case study were selected purposively according to two criteria: (a) the presence of polysemous mutashābihāt with significant theological or symbolic weight, and (b) terms that illustrate distinct types of translation challenges (linguistic, idiomatic, figurative, cultural, theological). The analysis reveals that structural disparities – like Arabic’s inflectional morphology versus Malay’s analytic structure – and literal renderings of idiomatic expressions frequently fail to preserve the Qurʾān’s theological coherence. In contrast, interpretive strategies rooted in tafsīr and semantic adaptation offer more accurate, culturally meaningful alternatives. The study concludes that an integrated exegetical-linguistic approach is essential for preserving the Qurʾān’s holistic meaning and theological integrity, demonstrating how this method resolves the tension between textual fidelity and accessibility for Malay-speaking audiences.

Huseyin Halil · 0 citations
Review Open access Jul 2026

Natural language processing for Arabic poetry analysis and generation: a systematic review

Poetry is a unique form of expression valued for its role in preserving cultural heritage. Analyzing Arabic poetry is time-consuming and requires a high level of linguistic expertise; therefore, computational methods are useful, as they enable large-scale, extensive, and systematic analysis of poetry, thereby improving its accessibility for researchers and students. This article presents the first systematic review of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) approaches for Arabic poetry. It addresses the question of which research tasks, methodologies, datasets, and evaluation approaches have been applied to Arabic poetry, and which trends and research gaps can be identified in the existing literature. In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the author conducted an exhaustive search across six major academic databases (ACL Anthology, IEEE Xplore, ACM, SpringerLink, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) for relevant studies published between January 2010 and May 2025. Eligibility was evaluated in several phases, and re-examination was conducted to ensure accuracy. The author performed task-level categorization, extracted key characteristics from each study, synthesized the findings, and presented them in tables and figures to highlight the main trends and research gaps in the literature. This study presents the first structured task-level synthesis of the field, identifying methodological trends, detecting evaluation inconsistencies, and highlighting research gaps that have not been critically consolidated before. Furthermore, the author assembled a comprehensive collection of available datasets and resources to promote standardized assessment.

Haifa Alharthi · 0 citations
Open access Jul 2026

Perubahan Makna Kata Serapan Arab dalam Bahasa Indonesia

Language is the primary instrument for constructing and transmitting culture, values, and religious teachings, particularly the Arabic language. In the process of linguistic assimilation, Arabic loanwords undergo semantic changes. Therefore, this study examines Arabic loanwords in the Indonesian language as found in Surah Al-Baqarah verses 142–200. A qualitative approach is employed, utilizing a content analysis model. Data were collected through document analysis and linguistic examination of the text of Surah Al-Baqarah (verses 142–200). Data analysis is grounded in the Semantic Change Theory proposed by Stephen Ullmann. The findings reveal that there are 65 Arabic loanwords from the Qur’an that have undergone semantic changes in Indonesian. These changes fall into five categories: specialization (narrowing of meaning), generalization (broadening of meaning), pure borrowing, radical change, and a combination of narrowing and broadening. The main finding indicates that specialization is the most dominant type of semantic change, accounting for approximately 60% of the total data.

Febri Yansyah, Athya Inaya tullah, Nur Ilahifa · 0 citations