Enhanced Endocytosis and Mitochondrial Stress Underlie Severe Retinitis Pigmentosa With RHO P347L Mutant

Abstract

Purpose RHO mutations are the primary cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), with Class 1 mutations typically exhibiting more severe phenotypes than Class 2. This study aims to clarify the mechanistic basis for this clinical disparity by systematically comparing protein degradation pathways, mitochondrial stress, and neuroinflammation. Methods Humanized mouse lines carrying Class 1 (P347L) or Class 2 (L125R) RHO mutations were generated via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in. Retinal function, ultrastructure, and transcriptomic profiles were characterized through electroretinography (ERG), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). To further elucidate molecular mechanisms, protein trafficking and degradation pathways were analyzed in transfected HEK293T cells using HiBiT extracellular quantification, pharmacological inhibition of lysosomal and proteasomal pathways, and BRET2 visual arrestin recruitment assay. Results The P347L mutant failed to undergo efficient outer-segment-directed trafficking and was predominantly degraded via the lysosomal pathway, consistent with its enhanced visual arrestin recruitment and endocytosis. In contrast, the L125R mutant showed protein misfolding and was degraded by both proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. In vivo, P347L mice exhibited more pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction than L125R mice, accompanied by elevated cGMP levels and lysosomal overload. Neuroinflammation was similarly present in both mutants, indicating a shared pathological mechanism rather than a differential contributor. Conclusions We propose a pathogenic model in which elevated endocytosis and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the accelerated photoreceptor degeneration in RHO P347L-associated adRP.