Role of oxidative stress markers in chronic disease monitoring: a review of clinical biochemistry approaches

Abstract

Oxidative stress matters a lot in the onset and advancement of many chronic illnesses, as it comes from an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. The growing focus on biomarkers of oxidative stress has made researchers consider them as potential tools for evaluating and monitoring diseases. This review looks into the most important oxidative stress biomarker types and how they are significant in the field of clinical biochemistry and in tracking chronic diseases. An extensive literature review was done, focusing on markers of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, together with antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters, and their corresponding analytical methods, Malondialdehyde, F2-isoprostanes, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, protein carbonyls, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity have been pointed out as giving supplementary information on oxidative damage and defense. Biomarkers of oxidative stress may help in diagnosing chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Yet, variations in biological variability, sampling handling procedures, analytic techniques, specificity, and range references present constraints to the widespread clinical use of biomarkers of oxidative stress. Research data supports the notion that combining complimentary biomarkers, taking into account the traditional clinical and biochemical parameters, might cause a more accurate determination of oxidative imbalance than an isolated marker. The development of standardized analytical procedures, as well as more longitudinal validation, is necessary to determine their clinical utility. In total, oxidative stress biomarkers offer exciting opportunities as auxiliary tools for gaining insights into the stages of the disease and facilitating individual-based monitoring of patients with chronic illnesses.