Design, Development, and Expert Validation of a CCTV Operation Mock-up Trainer for Industrial Arts Education

Abstract

Traditional CCTV operation instruction in technical-vocational education relies heavily on theoretical concepts and lacks fully equipped physical hardware, limiting students' practical skill acquisition due to operational restrictions associated with live surveillance systems. To address this gap, this study aimed to design, develop, and validate a physical CCTV Operation Mock-up Trainer with accompanying instructional materials for Industrial Arts students. A descriptive developmental research design following an integrated Waterfall–ADDIE framework was employed. Quantitative data were collected using pilot-tested questionnaires from a needs-assessment cohort (31 students and 6 teachers; Cronbach's α=0.747) and an expert validation panel (6 teachers) selected via purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. Needs-assessment results confirmed a strong demand for a dedicated trainer (M=3.26,SD=0.448) and unanimous endorsement of six core hardware components (M=1.97–2.00). Expert evaluation demonstrated high technical accuracy (M=4.67–4.83), robust instructional usability (M=4.33–4.67), high durability (M=4.67), and excellent safety, highlighted by a perfect score for cable arrangement (M=5.00,SD=0.000). The CCTV Operation Mock-up Trainer received very high expert ratings for technical accuracy, usability, and safety, proving suitable for pilot classroom implementation in technical-vocational education.