Policy Recommendations for Improving Women's Participation in Government in Kenya

Abstract

Purpose: Despite progressive constitutional reforms and sustained gender equity commitments, women's participation in government in Kenya remains below the parity targets established by the 2010 Constitution. This paper analyses the structural, sociocultural, economic, and institutional barriers limiting women's political participation in Kenya. Approach: Drawing on the Capability Approach and Feminist Institutionalism as theoretical frameworks, the paper argues that increasing women's political participation requires not only legal compliance but a broader transformation of political institutions, campaign financing systems, and prevailing social norms. Findings: While incremental gains have been observed in county assemblies and through nominated positions, women remain substantially underrepresented in elective offices, cabinet appointments, and senior administrative roles. The two-thirds gender principle, introduced as a constitutional mechanism to address historical marginalization, continues to face implementation challenges at both national and county levels. Recommendations: The paper concludes that sustainable gender parity in governance demands coordinated reforms encompassing political party structures, financing mechanisms, civic education, mentorship systems, and effective enforcement of constitutional provisions. Keywords: women in politics, gender parity, Kenya Constitution 2010, political participation, feminist institutionalism, governance reform