Gut microbiota-dependent phenylpropanoic acid derivatives reduced in cancer cachexia protect against myotube atrophy

Abstract

Cancer cachexia is a debilitating disease characterized by muscle atrophy. Given the gut dysbiosis in cancer cachexia and the increasing evidence of a gut-muscle axis, we explored the potential beneficial effects of bacteria-dependent metabolites on myotube atrophy. Using both hypothesis-driven and hypothesis-free approaches, in-depth metabolomic analysis of blood samples from cachectic C26 tumor-bearing mice treated or not with antibiotics, as well as disease-free germ-free and conventionalized mice, identified 7 bacteria-dependent metabolites decreased under cachectic conditions. Such alterations were not mediated by reduced caloric intake. Among them, 2 metabolites, namely 2-phenylpropanoic acid (2PPA, also known as 2-phenylpropionic acid) and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (3,4OHPP, also known as 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid or dihydrocaffeic acid), demonstrated anti-atrophying effect, alone and in combination, on mouse C2C12 myotubes. Transcriptomics revealed that these 2 bacteria-dependent metabolites restored the amino acid homeostasis with an activation of ATF4 and the serine biosynthesis pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of the phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of this pathway, prevented the anti-atrophying effects of 2PPA and 3,4OHPP, indicating a causal role for PHGDH in this effect. By identifying microbiota-dependent metabolites as potential therapeutic levers, the current work not only advances our understanding of microbiome-host crosstalk in disease but also opens avenues for innovative, targeted interventions to mitigate muscle atrophy. Graphical abstract. Bacteria-dependent metabolites that are decreased upon cancer cachexia in mice mitigate muscle atrophy in vitro. 7 metabolites were identified as depleted in cachectic condition and microbiota-dependent, among which 2 of them, namely 2-phenylpropanoic acid (2PPA) and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (3,4OHPP), counteracted C2C12 myotube atrophy induced by dexamethasone. Created with BioRender.com.