Nanoparticle-based drug delivery for precision lung cancer therapy: Tumor microenvironment modulation and theranostic applications.

Cancer Nanomedicine: Advanced Nanocarrier Systems, Targeted Drug Delivery, Theranostics, and Emerging Strategies for Precision Oncology

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite substantial advances in diagnosis and treatment. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy, are often limited by poor tumor selectivity, systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and inadequate drug accumulation at the disease site. Nanomedicine has emerged as a transformative strategy in oncology, offering innovative solutions for targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced off-target toxicity. Owing to their unique physicochemical properties, nanoparticles can be engineered to overcome biological barriers associated with tumor progression and facilitate precise delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. This review comprehensively discusses the fundamental principles of cancer nanomedicine, including tumor biology, barriers to drug delivery, and critical design considerations for nanocarrier development. Various classes of nanomaterials, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid-based systems, inorganic nanomaterials, and emerging biomimetic platforms, are examined with respect to their structural characteristics, therapeutic applications, and translational potential. Particular emphasis is placed on tumor-targeting strategies, encompassing passive, active, and microenvironment-responsive approaches, as well as on the development of smart stimuli-responsive nanocarriers capable of controlled, site-specific drug release. Furthermore, recent advances in nanotechnology-enabled chemotherapy, combination therapy, gene and RNA delivery, immuno-nanomedicine, and theranostic platforms are highlighted. The integration of diagnostic imaging and therapeutic functions within multifunctional nanocarriers has enabled real-time monitoring of treatment response and personalized cancer management. In addition, challenges associated with safety, toxicity, large-scale manufacturing, regulatory approval, and clinical translation are critically evaluated. Emerging innovations, including artificial intelligence-driven nanocarrier design, biomimetic nanomedicines, and precision oncology approaches, are also explored as future directions for the field.Overall, cancer nanomedicine has evolved from a simple drug-delivery concept into a multifunctional therapeutic platform integrating targeted therapy, molecular imaging, immunomodulation, gene therapy, and personalized medicine. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration and technological innovation are expected to accelerate the clinical translation of next-generation nanomedicines, ultimately improving treatment outcomes and advancing precision cancer care.

Nanoparticles In Cancer Drug Delivery: Recent Advances, Therapeutic Applications And Challenges

The recent developments, therapeutic applications, challenges, and future perspectives of Nanoparticle based cancer drug delivery systems are summarized.

Nanotechnology Advancements in Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Innovations in Drug Delivery, Diagnostics, and Personalized Treatment Strategies

This comprehensive review provides details on nanocarriers and their loaded delivery systems as effective strategies for breast cancer treatment and provides an updated synthesis of nanocarrier-based approaches, focusing on recent clinical and preclinical innovations in drug delivery, diagnostics, and personalized medicine.

NANOCARRIER-BASED DELIVERY OF 5-FLUOROURACIL IN BREAST CANCER: TARGETING TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT AND OVERCOMING CHEMORESISTANCE

Despite improvements in screening and treatment, breast cancer is still one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women globally and a major cause of cancer-related death. Although 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a pyrimidine derivative, has long been used in systemic treatments for breast cancer, its low oral bioavailability, dose-limiting toxicities, and acquired resistance restrict its clinical efficacy. By enhancing drug stability, permitting controlled and stimuli-responsive release, and facilitating both passive and active tumor targeting, nanocarrier-based delivery platforms such as lipid-based systems, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, nanogels, inorganic nanostructures, and hybrid nanoplatforms offer promising ways to get around these restrictions. This review synthesizes recent high-impact literature on nanocarrier-mediated delivery of 5-FU for breast cancer, covering pharmacological considerations, nanocarrier classes, targeted and co-delivery approaches, stimuli-responsive designs, challenges to clinical translation, and emerging trends such as personalized nanomedicine and AI-guided carrier optimization.

Nanocarriers in Ovarian Cancer: Targeted Drug Delivery, Theranostics, and Immunomodulation

Development of multifunctional nanomaterials for advanced theranostic applications in skin cancer.

Skin cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with increasing incidence and limited therapeutic efficacy from conventional treatments due to poor specificity, inadequate drug penetration, and resistance. Nanomaterial-based platforms have emerged as promising strategies to address these challenges by enabling precise diagnosis and targeted therapy. This review summarizes recent advances in nanomaterial-mediated theranostics for skin cancer, including organic, inorganic, and biomimetic or hybrid nanosystems. Their roles in enhancing drug delivery through passive and active targeting, improving transdermal penetration, and enabling controlled release are highlighted. Emerging diagnostic approaches based on nanotechnology, such as imaging and biosensing, are also discussed for sensitive and noninvasive detection. In addition, nanoplatform-enabled multimodal therapies that integrate chemotherapy, phototherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy are presented, with particular emphasis on microneedle-assisted transdermal systems. Despite the remaining challenges in terms of biosafety, scalability, and clinical translation, nanomaterials offer significant potential for advancing precise and personalized skin cancer management.