The cancer/testis antigens represent promising targets for the development of new therapies against melanoma.

The Treatment Revolution of Melanoma: What Came Before Immunotherapy?

Melanoma is a biologically complex malignancy characterized by rapid progression, strong metastatic potential, and notable resistance to conventional systemic therapy. The therapeutic landscape of melanoma has been significantly reshaped by continuing advances in molecular oncology and tumor immunology in the past few decades. This review examines the major biological mechanisms involved in the development and progression of melanoma. Current treatment strategies are discussed, with particular focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), specifically those targeting PD-1 and CTLA-4, both of which have demonstrated long-term clinical benefits in patients with advanced melanoma. Emerging checkpoint molecules, including LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3, are also described as potential targets for next-generation immunotherapeutic approaches. In addition, this review discusses recent progress in targeted treatment approaches, immune-based therapeutic development, and adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Future studies will likely concentrate on refining combination therapies while developing more personalized treatment strategies that can further improve patient outcomes in melanoma management.

The role of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in breast cancer.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Over the past decades, advances in multimodal treatment have significantly improved patient survival. However, disease recurrence, metastatic progression, and therapeutic resistance continue to limit long-term outcomes, underscoring the need for more effective therapies. Among emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy has attracted considerable attention. CAR-T therapy has achieved remarkable success in hematologic malignancies, prompting its investigation in breast cancer. However, translating this success to solid tumors remains challenging because of fundamental biological differences between hematologic and solid malignancies. Major barriers include antigen heterogeneity, limited tumor trafficking and infiltration, an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and therapy-related toxicities. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies are currently evaluating CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors, including breast cancer. These efforts incorporate next-generation CAR designs and novel engineering strategies with the goal of reproducing the clinical success achieved in hematologic malignancies. Although the available clinical evidence is still largely limited to early-phase trials, current findings suggest that CAR-T therapy in breast cancer is feasible and generally well tolerated. Most reported adverse events have been low-grade inflammatory toxicities, whereas severe neurotoxicity and dose-limiting toxicities have been infrequent. Despite this favorable safety profile, clinical responses remain modest, with stable disease representing the most common outcome and durable objective responses being uncommon. These findings underscore the need to overcome the major biological barriers that continue to limit CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors. This review summarizes recent advances in CAR-T cell engineering, discusses the major target antigens investigated to date, provides a comprehensive overview of the available clinical evidence, and examines the key biological and clinical challenges that must be addressed to improve future therapeutic outcomes.

Antibody–Drug Conjugates in Lung Cancer: Promise, Progress, and Persistent Challenges

The rationale for targeting established and emerging antigens in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, including HER2, TROP2, c-MET, HER3, CEACAM5, DLL3, and other promising targets currently under clinical investigation are discussed.

Immunotherapeutic strategies for castration-resistant prostate cancer: A systematic review of mechanisms, clinical advances and emerging approaches

Advances in Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines (2010–2025)

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and other systemic therapies can extend the survival of many patients with advanced melanoma, renewing interest in complementary strategies for unresectable or metastatic disease. Therapeutic cancer vaccines represent a possible approach. Recent evidence suggests commercially available mRNA vaccines can sensitize tumors to ICIs, challenging prior assumptions about neoantigen presentation. Despite renewed public interest in personalized cancer vaccine development, the proliferation of narrative and scoping reviews has not been matched by systematic mechanistic synthesis—platforms investigated across the 2010s and 2020s have not been rigorously compared within a single article. Accordingly, this review focuses on major vaccine platforms and proposes a comparative framework for understanding therapeutic melanoma vaccine development and immunologic rationale. Methods: Melanoma vaccine clinical trials listed on ClinicalTrials.gov were identified from 2010 to 2025. Eligible studies were screened and included in a qualitative review evaluating trial characteristics, vaccine platforms, study design, and reported outcomes. Results: There is one active Phase III clinical trial for melanoma vaccines in the US. Key principles of melanoma vaccinology include adjuvant, antigen, and delivery platform selection. From 2010 to 2025, four vaccine candidates advanced to Phase III trials, two provided Phase III results for peer review, one trial is ongoing, and no vaccines have been FDA-approved. Inconsistent reporting of outcomes and a lack of published results limited comparability across studies, precluding formal meta-analysis. Conclusions: Therapeutic melanoma vaccine options remain limited by translational challenges in study design and reporting gaps. This review synthesizes contemporary clinical trial activity and immunologic principles to inform future research.

Neoantigen in cancer immunotherapy: mechanism, therapeutic strategies and future perspectives.

Overall, despite existing challenges, neoantigen-targeted immunotherapies hold promise for advancing precision oncology and improving patient outcomes.