Unlocking Spatial Grounding in Large Audio-Visual Retrieval models

Abstract

Weak supervision sets a practical regime for audio-visual sound source localization as dense spatial annotations are costly to obtain at scale. The task, however, remains challenging, as models must locate sound sources from temporally aligned audio-visual data without pixel-level supervision. Recent large-scale audio-visual retrieval models, trained at unprecedented scale, encode rich multimodal structure. We show their latent representations, though optimized for global alignment, can nonetheless enable fine-grained spatial grounding. While spatial detail is progressively lost in the upper layers of retrieval backbones due to global pooling, intermediate visual tokens retain highly structured spatial information. To exploit this, we introduce LAIP (\emph{Localization via Audio-Informed Pooling}), a framework that employs a lightweight \emph{Audio-informed Spatial Pooling} (AiSP) to replace the standard global aggregation module. By querying intermediate visual tokens with audio aligned at the frame level, LAIP recovers localized spatial information that is otherwise discarded by the retrieval pipeline, with the largest gains observed for PE-AV, a stack with underlying temporal aggregation. Our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on AVSBench and AVATAR, nearly doubling previous results on the latter, improving average CIoU from 13.21 to 26.22.