Antimicrobial resistance in the post-pandemic era as a new challenge to global health

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Antibiotic overuse, disruptions to stewardship, and health-system weaknesses likely contributed to conditions that favored the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This Perspective synthesizes selected post-pandemic lessons and policy-relevant evidence to propose a practical framework for addressing antimicrobial resistance in the post-pandemic era. COVID-19 lessons, such as quick diagnosis, genetic surveillance, and worldwide data sharing, demonstrate the value of coordinated, science-driven interventions. The One Health strategy, which combines human, animal, and environmental health, is essential for an effective response. The key pillars are strengthening governance and national action, reinforcing stewardship and integrated surveillance, expanding access to diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and innovation, and promoting public awareness and community engagement, all within a One Health framework. AMR can adversely affect patient outcomes, universal health coverage, and global development objectives. To effectively mitigate, programs that are equity-focused and multisectoral should prioritize disadvantaged populations and resource-constrained contexts. The post-pandemic era offers an important opportunity to strengthen AMR action through a coherent four-pillar framework consisting of governance and national action, stewardship and surveillance, diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics, and innovation, and public awareness and community engagement. Anchored in a One Health approach, this framework provides a practical path toward more resilient, equitable, and sustainable AMR control.