“IL-40: A novel immunoregulatory axis at the crossroads of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and cancer immunity”

Beyond the alarm: unveiling the multifaceted role of IL-33 in kidney disease

Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has long been categorized as a prototypical alarmin released upon cellular injury to initiate Th2-skewed immune responses. However, accumulating evidence from diverse kidney disease models and patient cohorts has unveiled a far more complex and contextually governed functionality. This review syn...

The IL-1β–BHLHE40 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Kawasaki Disease: Insights from Cell-Type-Specific Expression Analysis

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology that mainly affects infants and young children and can cause coronary artery dilatation or aneurysm formation. Although early treatment has improved outcomes, disease-specific biomarkers and the immune mechanisms that sustain vascular inflammatio...

IL-37 and IL-38 in sepsis: immune-metabolic rheostats in a dynamic inflammatory continuum

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome driven by a dysregulated host response to infection, characterised by dynamic and overlapping phases of hyperinflammation and immune suppression. Despite advances in critical care, effective immunomodulatory therapies remain lacking, reflecting an incomplete understanding of its co...

Interleukin-12: Central Roles in Immune Regulation and Disease Therapy.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine produced primarily by antigen-presenting cells. During infection, IL-12 orchestrates innate immune responses and shapes the nature of subsequent adaptive immunity. Specifically, by promoting interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in helper and cytolytic T cells and nat...

A Gut-Specific Bispecific Combining MAdCAM-1 Blockade and IL-22 Signaling to Halt T-Cell Inflammation and Promote Mucosal Restoration

A protein bispecific composed of a human IgG4-Fc domain displaying an antagonistic anti-human MAdCAM-1 single chain (sc)-Fv and a human interleukin (IL-)22 provides a localized dual-mechanism strategy for restoring intestinal immune homeostasis.

NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors as Precision Anti-inflammatory Pharmacotherapy: Translational Advances, Clinical Evidence, and Disease-specific Challenges.