Characterisation and In Vitro Biocompatability of Polycaprolactone: Cissus Quandrangularis Electrospun Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

Comparative study of the bioactive PLGA/CaP composites: the influence of 3D structure on inflammatory and osteoinductive properties

The scaffold showed the highest osteoinduction, and the scaffold with 530 ± 56 μm average pore diameter demonstrated the highest expression of osteodifferentiation marker genes in DPSCs, and the addition of nanoparticles into the polymer matrix led to the decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in macrophages.

A hybrid 3D-printed/electrospun biodegradable drug-eluting scaffold for heterotopic ossification-related local drug delivery

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a clinically challenging complication after trauma or orthopedic surgery. This study evaluated a hybrid biodegradable scaffold for localized peri-osseous delivery of agents relevant to HO-risk and bone-healing environments. Polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh scaffolds were fabricated using solvent-cast additive manufacturing as flexible macro-scale barriers, while poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers incorporating indomethacin, teicoplanin, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were prepared using electrospinning and coaxial electrospinning. Scaffold morphology, wettability, mechanical behavior, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry profiles, in vitro release, rabbit local/systemic release, and peri-implant histology were evaluated. The PCL mesh showed an ultimate tensile strength of 26.2 ± 2.6 MPa and a maximum strain of 337%. After 3 days in phosphate-buffered saline, the assembled PCL mesh/PLGA nanofiber scaffold retained comparable tensile properties, with an ultimate tensile strength of 24.8 ± 2.0 MPa and maximum strain of 334 ± 6%, indicating preserved flexibility under hydrated conditions. Drug-loaded PLGA nanofibers showed reduced tensile strength compared with pristine PLGA fibers, indicating that drug incorporation affected nanofiber handling and durability. In vitro testing demonstrated initial burst release of indomethacin and teicoplanin followed by sustained release, whereas BMP-2 release persisted for more than 30 days. In healthy rabbits, local teicoplanin and indomethacin levels were sustained for 28 days with substantially lower systemic levels. Histology demonstrated an early peri-implant inflammatory response that decreased over time. As no validated HO model or ectopic bone quantification was used, the findings support scaffold feasibility and localized delivery, not proven HO prevention. Further disease-model efficacy, biological activity, dose optimization, degradation, and safety studies are required before clinical translation.

Electrospun Chitosan/Collagen Fibers Incorporating PLGA and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for In-Vitro 3T3 Fibroblast Migration

3D scaffolds based on Chitosan/Collagen/Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles are presented as a promising approach to studying the migration of the 3T3 cell line and demonstrate promising effects on fibroblast migration in an in vitro scratch-assay model using NIH 3T3 cells.

3D-Printed PLA/MgO/UCNPs composite scaffolds for immunomodulation and osteogenic bone repair.

The results showed that the composite scaffolds effectively improved the inflammatory microenvironment in the defect region, promoted macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, enhanced cellular osteogenic activity and mineralization, and facilitated new bone formation and tissue reconstruction.

Characterization studies of polycaprolactone composite fibers with chlorophyllin sodium copper and polyvinyl acetate for tissue engineering applications

Concentration-Dependent Effects of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-rGO Scaffolds for Oral Bone Regeneration.

To address alveolar bone defects and the limitations of conventional grafts, tissue-engineered scaffolds have emerged as a promising alternative. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide with potential for bone regeneration; however, its brittleness and poor mechanical strength restrict its application. Here, we developed CMC-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite scaffolds with rGO concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% to overcome these drawbacks. The scaffolds were systematically characterized for their morphological, crystallographic, spectroscopic, and biomechanical properties, as well as their in vitro cytocompatibility and in vivo osteogenic performance. The incorporation of rGO enhanced structural homogeneity, optimized pore architecture, and significantly improved mechanical strength in a concentration-dependent manner, with tensile strength increasing from 1.64 to 8.13 MPa and elastic modulus from 1.14 to 25.05 MPa. In vitro, when MC3T3-E1 cells were grown in osteogenic medium, scaffolds loaded with 0.5%-1% rGO led to better cell survival and higher ALP activity-both pointing to stronger osteogenic differentiation. The 2% rGO scaffolds, however, turned out to be toxic to cells. Structural analyses confirmed the preservation of CMC crystallinity and revealed hydrogen bonding between rGO and CMC, elucidating the reinforcement mechanism. In a rat cranial defect model, the 1% rGO scaffold group demonstrated superior new bone formation, mineralization, and trabecular maturation. These findings underscore the dual function of rGO in simultaneously improving the mechanical integrity and osteogenic capacity of CMC-based scaffolds, with 0.5%-1% rGO identified as the optimal concentration window for bone tissue engineering applications.