Electrospun Chitosan/Collagen Fibers Incorporating PLGA and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for In-Vitro 3T3 Fibroblast Migration

A hybrid 3D-printed/electrospun biodegradable drug-eluting scaffold for heterotopic ossification-related local drug delivery

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a clinically challenging complication after trauma or orthopedic surgery. This study evaluated a hybrid biodegradable scaffold for localized peri-osseous delivery of agents relevant to HO-risk and bone-healing environments. Polycaprolactone (PCL) mesh scaffolds were fabricated using solvent-cast additive manufacturing as flexible macro-scale barriers, while poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers incorporating indomethacin, teicoplanin, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were prepared using electrospinning and coaxial electrospinning. Scaffold morphology, wettability, mechanical behavior, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry profiles, in vitro release, rabbit local/systemic release, and peri-implant histology were evaluated. The PCL mesh showed an ultimate tensile strength of 26.2 ± 2.6 MPa and a maximum strain of 337%. After 3 days in phosphate-buffered saline, the assembled PCL mesh/PLGA nanofiber scaffold retained comparable tensile properties, with an ultimate tensile strength of 24.8 ± 2.0 MPa and maximum strain of 334 ± 6%, indicating preserved flexibility under hydrated conditions. Drug-loaded PLGA nanofibers showed reduced tensile strength compared with pristine PLGA fibers, indicating that drug incorporation affected nanofiber handling and durability. In vitro testing demonstrated initial burst release of indomethacin and teicoplanin followed by sustained release, whereas BMP-2 release persisted for more than 30 days. In healthy rabbits, local teicoplanin and indomethacin levels were sustained for 28 days with substantially lower systemic levels. Histology demonstrated an early peri-implant inflammatory response that decreased over time. As no validated HO model or ectopic bone quantification was used, the findings support scaffold feasibility and localized delivery, not proven HO prevention. Further disease-model efficacy, biological activity, dose optimization, degradation, and safety studies are required before clinical translation.

Fabrication and Characterization of Bilayer Electrospun Polyvinyl alcohol/Polycaprolactone/Glutamine Membranes Integrated with 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone/Propolis Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Applications

Bioactive electrospun chitosan/magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposite scaffold co-loaded with icariin, lithium chloride and naringin for enhanced osteogenesis, antibacterial activity and bone regeneration in vitro and in vivo

The bioactive chitosan/Mg-HAp nanocomposite scaffold effectively promotes bone regeneration by enhancing osteogenic signaling pathways and exhibits strong potential for bone tissue engineering applications.

Characterisation and In Vitro Biocompatability of Polycaprolactone: Cissus Quandrangularis Electrospun Scaffold for Bone Regeneration

The in-vitro experiment revealed that the PCL-CQ composite electrospun scaffold showed better MG63 cell adhesion and growth compared to the control PCL scaffold and thus could be a potential scaffold material for bone defect applications.

In Vitro Development and Characterization of a Chitosan/PVA/Starch Hydrogel Film Incorporating Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Syzygium cumini Extract: Physicochemical, Antimicrobial, and Cytocompatibility Evaluation

Surface-Exposed Hydroxyapatite Microparticles in Electrospun PLLA Scaffolds: Mechanical Reinforcement and Osteogenic Response

The addition of hydroxyapatite (HAP) to electrospun poly-L-lactide (PLLA) scaffolds promotes cell adhesion and differentiation but generally leads to a significant deterioration in mechanical properties due to particle agglomeration. Moreover, the encapsulation of HAP particles within a polymer layer makes them inaccessible to body fluids and cells, thereby limiting the bioactivity of the resulting composite scaffold. In this work, HAP microparticles with median size of 26.3 µm were used to obtain exposed HAP particles on the surface of electrospun PLLA fibers. SEM images and EDX maps revealed that individual particles, particularly the larger ones, were exposed from the polymer scaffold surface. The addition of HAP particles significantly altered the scaffold morphology and structure, increasing the fiber diameter and surface roughness by 2.8–4.1-fold, promoting the formation of fused fiber junctions, and inducing the appearance of semicrystalline PLLA domains. These structural changes significantly improved the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. Specifically, the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the prepared scaffolds are increased by 2.3–3.8-fold following HAP incorporation. Compared with neat PLLA scaffolds, HAP-containing scaffolds exhibited 1.2–1.4-fold higher osteocalcin and osteopontin expression by human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hADSCs). Compared to tissue culture plastic, the expressions of osteocalcin and osteopontin on the composite scaffolds were 7.1–7.9-fold and 2.8–3.0-fold higher, respectively.