Association of parity and age at menarche with molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer

Reproductive Risk Factors and Their Association with Breast Cancer in Women of Central India

Background: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide and represents a major public health challenge in India. Reproductive factors influence cumulative estrogen exposure and may significantly affect breast cancer risk. Understanding these associations is important for identifying high-risk women and developing preventive strategies.Aim: To evaluate reproductive risk factors and their association with breast cancer among women attending a tertiary care center in Central India.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar, over 18 months. A total of 170 women were enrolled, including 85 histopathologically confirmed breast cancer cases and 85 age-matched controls without breast malignancy. Data regarding age at menarche, age at first childbirth, parity, breastfeeding duration, menopausal status, age at menopause, and family history were collected and analyzed.Results: Early menarche (<12 years), late age at first childbirth (>30 years), nulliparity, shorter duration of breastfeeding (<12 months), and late menopause (>50 years) were significantly associated with breast cancer (p<0.05). Women with a family history of breast cancer had a significantly higher risk of disease (OR=3.2, p=0.002). Multivariate analysis identified late age at first childbirth and short breastfeeding duration as independent predictors of breast cancer.Conclusion: Several reproductive factors are significantly associated with breast cancer risk among women in Central India. Promotion of breastfeeding and identification of women with adverse reproductive profiles may facilitate early screening and risk reduction strategies.

Risk factors associated with molecular subtypes of breast cancer among indian women: a multicentre matched case-control study.

To Study the Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Breast Cancer among Premenopausal Females

Insulin resistance, particularly insulin resistance as reflected by elevated HOMA-IR, is strongly associated with breast cancer in premenopausal women and underscores the importance of early identification and management of metabolic abnormalities as potential strategies for breast cancer risk reduction and prognostication in premenopausal females.

Association between type and duration of menopausal hormone therapy and endometrial cancer risk: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between various types and durations of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and the risk of endometrial cancer. METHODS This nationwide retrospective population-based cohort study used the Korean National Health Insurance Service database from 2007 to 2020. Eligible participants, defined as women aged over 40 years who sought care for menopausal symptoms, were enrolled during 2011-2014 and followed for the development of endometrial cancer until the end of 2020. After propensity score matching, participants were categorized as MHT users or non-users. MHT regimens were classified as tibolone, combined estrogen-progestogen therapy by the manufacturer (CEPM), combined estrogen-progestogen therapy by a physician (CEPP), and others. RESULTS The incidence of endometrial cancer was 19 per 100 000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17-21) in both MHT and non-MHT groups. Use of manufacturer-combined estrogen and progestogen therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of endometrial cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 0.592, 95% CI: 0.437-0.801), while physician-combined therapy showed no significant association (HR 1.474, 95% CI: 0.472-4.607). Tibolone use was not associated with increased risk when used for four years or less (HR 0.9, 95% CI: 0.61-1.314), but showed a significantly increased risk when used for more than four years (HR 1.518, 95% CI: 1.152-1.999). In duration-based analysis, MHT therapy use between three and six years was also associated with increased risk (HR 1.499, 95% CI: 1.061-2.117). CONCLUSION Endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women is influenced by hormone therapy type and duration. Combined estrogen-progestogen regimens are associated with lower risk, whereas prolonged tibolone use is associated with higher risk, supporting individualized and duration-based monitoring.

Correlation study between inflammatory, nutritional and metabolic indicators and the risk of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast

Background The aim of this study was to compare clinical data between women with invasive breast cancer (IBC) and those with benign breast tumors, identify risk factors influencing IBC development, and provide evidence for early clinical identification and intervention. Methods Clinical records of 1, 049 female patients with breast masses who underwent surgical treatment at Hebei Provincial People’s Hospital between October 1, 2018, and October 1, 2020, were retrospectively collected. The cohort comprised 738 cases in the benign breast mass group and 311 cases in the invasive breast cancer group. Chi-square (χ²), Z-tests, and T-tests were used to compare the two groups regarding age, menopausal status, marital status, parity, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast surgery, presence of metabolic syndrome (MS), and related inflammatory and nutritional indicators [prognostic nutritional index (PNI), albumin/globulin ratio (AGR), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil/monocyte ratio (NMR). Independent risk factors for female IBC development were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Logistic Regression Analysis: Univariate analysis revealed that age, postmenopausal status, marital history, parity, coexisting multiple sclerosis, PNI, AGR, SIRI, and history of benign breast surgery were associated with inflammatory breast cancer in women. Multivariate analysis indicated that age, postmenopausal status, coexisting multiple sclerosis, decreased PNI, elevated SIRI, and history of benign breast surgery were independent risk factors for inflammatory breast cancer in women. Conclusions Advanced age, postmenopausal status, concomitant metabolic syndrome, decreased PNI, and elevated SIRI are independent risk factors for invasive breast cancer in women. A history of benign breast surgery may serve as a protective factor. Clinicians should enhance screening and intervention for high-risk populations based on these factors.

Tumor Characteristics and Event Free Survival in Older and Younger Women with Early Breast Cancer

Background: Age, race, body mass index (BMI), breast density, parity, smoking and alcohol use are associated with increased risk for breast cancer. These factors, as well as tumor characteristics, treatment regimens and comorbidities, are analyzed for associations with five-year event free survival (EFS) in a sample of women with Stage I-III breast cancer who received chemotherapy with curative intent. Methods: EFS was defined in terms of breast cancer recurrence, second primary, metastasis, and overall survival. Analyses were stratified by age (under age 65 vs. over age 65). EFS was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using a Cox proportional hazard model. Results: In a sample of 821 women, mean age at diagnosis was 54 years, with 75% White and 22% Black. Younger women had higher proportions of Stage II and III tumors (p = 0.005), larger tumor size (p = 0.0004), and higher breast density (p = 0.003). Five-year EFS was 91% among younger vs. 82% among older women (p = 0.0005). In women aged < 65, there were 48 EFS events, and triple negative patients had significantly worse EFS compared to other subtypes (p = 0.003). Smokers also had worse EFS (p = 0.04). In women aged ≥ 65, there were 26 events, and both tumor size (p = 0.02) and mastectomy (p = 0.03) were significant for EFS. Conclusions: In our sample, triple negative subtype, smoking history, tumor size, and surgery type were significantly associated with shorter EFS. Race, BMI, alcohol use, parity, breast density, radiation treatment, and specific chemotherapy regimen were not significant for EFS in either age group.