Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the body cannot properly use or does not produce enough insulin. This leads to hyperglycemia, or elevated blood glucose levels. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all diabetic cases. Aim: To examine the association of behavioral factors with the development of chronic complications and the degree of glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The research was conducted as a descriptive study on a sample of 215 subjects with a diagnosis of T2DM set in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), treated at the Srbac Health Center and the Banja Luka Health Center in the period March-November 2024. The subjects were selected using a random sample method. They filled out a questionnaire with general and sociodemographic data and a questionnaire with medical data and laboratory analyses. Results: Smoking, physical inactivity, inadequate diet and alcohol consumption have a significant impact on the occurrence of certain complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, ischemic heart disease and peripheral vasculopathy. Poor blood glucose control and elevated HbA1c values, together with an unfavorable lipid profile and the presence of hypertension, further increase the risk of developing complications. Smoking, physical inactivity and poor diet have a statistically significant association with poorer glycoregulation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it indicates the necessity of a comprehensive approach to the treatment of diabetes, which must not be focused exclusively on blood sugar regulation, but must include lifestyle changes, monitoring of lipid status and blood pressure, as well as systematic patient education.
The study revealed that people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus could improve their glycaemic control when coupled with regular exercise and effective stress management, and good eating habits, suggesting that improving glycaemic control should be considered a public health goal.
Deepika Sharma, N. Panwar· International Journal of Dru...· 0 citations
The study observed reductions in glycaemic parameters after a nutrition promotion intervention in regulating the blood glucose levels among T2DM patients and supported the importance and effect of customised nutrition counselling and health education in diabetes management to improve glycaemic control.
A. F. Fahhima, I. P. Kumar, B. Nisha· Journal of Clinical and Diag...· 0 citations
Background: Glycemic status means blood glucose level in an individual is measure by using the term hyperglycemic and hypoglycemia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the glycemic status among chronic kidney disease patients from stages (3-5) with and without type 2 DM.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at BIRDEM General Hospital from July 2021 to June 2022. According to the inclusion criteria, a total 100 participants were selected. The study subjects were considered as Group I and Group II. 50 patients included into Group I, who were diagnosed CKD with DM. On the other hand Group II included 50 patients diagnosed CKD without DM. Statistical software for social science 26 (SPSS) was used to analyzed the collected data.
Results: The mean age in Group I and Group II was 52.86±13.12 and 51.70±14.59 years, respectively (p=0.800). The mean BMI was 25.14±4.19 kg/m² in Group I and 22.00±4.03 kg/m² in Group II (p=0.310). There was no significant difference in age and BMI between the two groups. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in Group I compared to Group II. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) showed a negative correlation with HbA1c and FBS among all study subjects.
Conclusions: CKD patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus demonstrated significantly higher FBS and HbA1c levels compared to non-diabetic CKD patients.
JBRMC, Volume 08 Issue 02 July 2026 ; 24-26
Sheikh Mst Khadija Akter Meeli, MA Sayeed, Sheikh Sajjad Hossain et al.· Journal of Brahmanbaria Medi...· 0 citations
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a significant public health problem, particularly in Nigeria, with increasing prevalence worldwide. Hyperglycemia in T2DM is associated with various metabolic disturbances, including alterations in uric acid metabolism. This study investigates the effect of hyperglycemia on the serum uric acid (SUA) levels in patients with T2DM. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study included 100 participants comprising 70 patients with T2DM and 30 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic individuals in the control group. Blood samples were obtained to measure fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and SUA levels. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare the groups. Results: A total of 100 participants were recruited for this study. The results indicated that diabetic patients had significantly higher fasting SUA levels (0.45 ± 0.16 mmol/L) when compared to the control group (0.28 ± 0.05 mmol/L, p = 0.02). Similarly, postprandial SUA levels were elevated in diabetic patients (0.58 ± 0.16 mmol/L) compared to controls (0.30 ± 0.06 mmol/L, p = 0.022). No statistically significant difference was observed between fasting and postprandial SUA levels within the diabetic and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Hyperglycemia in individuals with T2DM is significantly associated with increased serum uric acid levels. These findings show the clinical relevance of monitoring SUA in patients with type 2 diabetes.
M. Ugonabo, C. Okwor, Ijeoma A Meka et al.· Nigerian Medical Journal· 0 citations
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus has been on the peak and a major cause of death due it’s complications in recent years. Diabetic patients with microalbuminuria are at increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Also, microalbuminuria is considered as a leading indicator of diabetic nephropathy. Poor glycemic control accelerates kidney damage, increasing the risk of end-stage renal disease. Identifying the relationship between glycemic control and microalbuminuria is crucial for early intervention and prevention of renal complications. The study aimed to investigate the association of microalbuminuria with glycemic control among type-2 diabetes patients in a regional tertiary hospital in Chattogram, Bangladesh.
Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Biochemistry in Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram from July 2022 to June 2023 among 119 people. The data were collected with face-to-face interview and HbA1c, UACR, BMI and WC were measured. The data were compiled and tabulated according to key variables and analyzed with IBM SPSS 29.0.2.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 57.2 ± 9.7 years and there was a male predominance (67.2%) in the study. 50.4% had generalized obesity and 69.7% had central obesity. 83.2% had poor glycemic status and 41.2% patients had microalbuminuria. The proportion of microalbuminuria was higher in T2DM patients with uncontrolled glycemic status. Duration of diabetes and glycemic status were significantly associated with microalbuminuria.
Conclusion: The study revealed that, frequency of microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetes is increasing in this contemporary era. Poor glycemic control is significantly associated with microalbuminuria in T2DM patients, emphasizing the need for screening of glucose markers and stringent glycemic management to prevent diabetic complications.
IAHS Medical Journal Vol 8(2), December 2025; 43-48
Lopa Barua, Salma Akhter, Mirza Nurul Karim et al.· IAHS Medical Journal· 0 citations
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) represents a chronic metabolic disorder defined by elevated blood glucose levels and high glycated hemoglobin, which may or may not be accompanied by glucose in the urine. This condition stems from insufficient insulin production by the pancreas, impaired responsiveness of target tissues to insulin (insulin resistance), or a combination of both factors. Prolonged hyperglycemia is associated with the dysfunction and eventual failure of multiple organs, particularly the kidneys, heart, nerves, eyes, and blood vessels. Material and Methods: Hospital based observational study of one year duration. All elderly patients age above 65 years presenting in medical OPD of Dr. RPGMC Tanda with the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus were included in the study. Age less than 65 yrs and failure to give consent were excluded. Results:- The patient cohort had a mean age of 70 years, with a higher prevalence in females (56.7%). On average, patients had an 8.9-year history of the disease, and a significant majority (80%) exhibited poor glycemic control. The most frequent clinical presentations included osmotic symptoms (62.2%), paresthesia (52.2%), and nocturia (38.9%). Hypertension was the dominant comorbidity (60%), followed by chronic kidney disease (11.1%) and coronary artery disease (6.7%). Microvascular Complications: Clinical investigations revealed alarmingly high rates of disease-related complications, notably albuminuria (95%), retinopathy (90%), anemia (80%), and neuropathy (54.4%). Conclusions and Recommendations: Consistent with broader population studies, the high incidence of poorly controlled diabetes and severe microvascular complications (like retinopathy and nephropathy) highlights an urgent need for regular screening. The study strongly advocates for early intervention and individualized management strategies to mitigate disease progression.
Abhishekh Singh, Dhiraj Kapoor, Manju Bansal et al.· Genetics and Molecular Resea...· 0 citations