Enhanced instructions with visual cues significantly improved stereoacuity outcomes beyond expected test–retest variability, highlighting the importance of instruction quality and task engagement in stereopsis assessment, which should be carefully considered in both clinical practice and research settings.
Abstract
Purpose Accurate stereoacuity assessment is essential for evaluating binocular vision, yet non-visual factors such as instruction quality and task execution time might influence performance on random-dot stereotest in adults with normal binocular vision. Methods In this randomized controlled study, 100 adults (mean age 26.4 ± 5.17 years) with normal binocular vision were assigned to a control group (n = 40) or an experimental group (n = 60). All participants completed two consecutive administrations of the Random Dot 2 Stereo Acuity Test with LEA Symbols in an immediate test–retest paradigm. In the control group, both administrations followed standard manufacturer instructions. In the experimental group, the second (retest) administration was preceded by a detailed explanation supported by visual examples of possible target shapes. Stereoacuity (in arcseconds) and test completion time (in seconds) were recorded to evaluate the effect of enhanced instruction on retest performance. Results The control group showed no significant change in stereoacuity between measurements (mean change: 0.03 log10 arcsec, p = 0.125). In contrast, the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement (mean change: 0.45 log10 arcsec, p < 0.0001), with most participants reaching the test’s finest disparity level (63 arcsec). Changes in response time did not differ between groups (p = 0.063). However, in the experimental group, greater improvements in stereoacuity were strongly associated with longer post-test response times (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Enhanced instructions with visual cues significantly improved stereoacuity outcomes beyond expected test–retest variability, highlighting the importance of instruction quality and task engagement in stereopsis assessment, which should be carefully considered in both clinical practice and research settings.
Accurate measurement of stereoacuity is essential for understanding binocular depth perception and its contribution to visuomotor behavior. Common clinical tests (e.g., Randot, Frisby) do not completely remove potential monocular cues to depth, are constrained by resolution limits, and are difficult to extend as printed media. Here, we present STRIVE, a real-time, depth-map-driven random-dot stereogram framework that can turn arbitrary VR scenes into disparity-isolated environments. This approach provides fine control over disparity, supports arbitrarily complex and interactive stimuli, and enables systematic manipulation of competing depth cues. In an initial test, we evaluated its utility for measuring static stereoacuity thresholds. Thirteen adults with self-reported normal binocular vision completed a three-alternative forced-choice depth discrimination task in which one of three random-dot-defined discs appeared closer than the others. Stereo thresholds were estimated in arcseconds using a 2-up-1-down adaptive staircase followed by a method of constant stimuli. The VR-based assessment yielded well-fitted psychometric functions and reliable threshold estimates across repeated blocks. Thresholds ranged from 6.9 to 28.5 arcseconds, with low within-participant variability (mean within-participant SD = 2.1 arcseconds) and good test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC(2,1)) = 0.862. In contrast, Randot thresholds suffered from floor effects and clustered at only three discrete levels, limiting sensitivity to fine individual differences. Together, these findings demonstrate that the proposed method provides a valid and reliable measure of stereoacuity while offering substantially greater precision and experimental flexibility than standard clinical tests. More broadly, this approach establishes a foundation for studying stereovision in dynamic, interactive, and ecologically relevant environments.
Triya Belani, Cheng-Xian Ma, Gabriel J. Diaz· Proceedings of the 2026 ACM...· 0 citations
There was a significant relationship between convergence fusion range and stereoacuity measured using the Frisby and Real Depth stereo tests in this population of adults with normal binocular single vision.
Rani Ibrahim Bahho, M. Ilango, A. French et al.· Strabismus· 0 citations
Differences in stereoacuity are evident across stereotests under simulated conditions of blur, and Random dot tests such as TNO and Optonet are impacted more by blur than Frisby with Optonet showing the greatest sensitivity to blur.
J. Mehta, Anna O'Connor, Roisin Buckels· Strabismus· 0 citations
Purpose To evaluate the association between Active Vision Therapy (AVT) combined with occlusion and occlusion-only therapy in task-based saccadic and pursuit visuomotor performance and visual outcomes in children with anisometropic amblyopia. Methods Forty children (median age=9years, IQR=7–11) with persistent anisometropic amblyopia after six weeks of spectacle adaptation were alternately assigned to AVT–occlusion (n = 23) or occlusion-only (n = 17). BCVA, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity, and task-based saccadic and smooth pursuit performance were measured at baseline, three weeks, six weeks, and three months. AVT included structured monocular and binocular exercises using Vision Training System 4 and Cheiroscope, while occlusion involved daily patching of the fellow eye. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Friedman tests evaluated changes over time, partial Spearman correlations adjusted for group examined associations between oculomotor and visual improvements. Results Both groups improved in BCVA, and task-based saccadic and smooth pursuit performance (p < 0.05) in the AVT–occlusion group. Significant time × therapy interactions were found for BCVA, task-based saccadic and smooth pursuit performance, and contrast sensitivity (p ≤ 0.03). At three months, AVT–occlusion outperformed occlusion-only in BCVA (−0.13 logMAR, p = 0.01), task-based saccadic response time (−0.78 ms equivalent, P < 0.001) and task-based smooth pursuit performance (4.68%, p = 0.03), and contrast sensitivity (0.06 log-units, p = 0.005). Greater gain in task-based saccadic (ρ=-0.43, p = 0.006) and smooth pursuit (ρ=-0.53, p = 0.001) performance correlated with BCVA improvement; faster saccadic response performance (ρ=0.35, p = 0.026) correlated with better stereopsis. Conclusions AVT with occlusion was associated with greater improvements in functional visuomotor task performance and visual outcomes in children with anisometropic amblyopia, supporting its role as a function-oriented adjunct to conventional therapy.
Manisha Koirala, Sanjeev Bhattarai, J. Shrestha et al.· Journal of Optometry· 0 citations
According to prevalent views, autistic individuals have a stronger tendency to allocate attention to details, as supported by reports of enhanced visual search performance. However, both the dynamics and the types of information involved in attentional guidance in autism are not fully understood. We addressed this issue by testing the influence of search history on visual search performance and pupil size in a long search display (Experiment 1) and on accuracy in a brief and masked-more attentionally demanding-search display (Experiment 2). Autistic (N = 48) and non-autistic (N = 45) participants searched for a color singleton target (all equiluminant colors) and responded by identifying its shape. In each trial, the target and distractor colors could be repeated, switched, or novel with respect to the previous trial. In Experiment 1, while overall reaction time was comparable across groups, the task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) were smaller in the autistic group, indicating reduced attentional effort in autism. In Experiment 2, in a more attentionally demanding display, autistic individuals showed superior search accuracy. In both experiments, both groups showed a reliable effect of recent search history on performance, indicating that, similar to non-autistic individuals, autistic individuals rely on recent experience during attentional allocation. Alterations in attentional allocation and its interaction with recent experience in autism were reflected in pupil responses. These alterations may provide a sensitive marker of differences in the dynamics of attentional allocation in autism, which are reflected in behavioral measurements when display conditions are more attentionally demanding.
Zainab Naaran, Amit Yashar· Autism Research· 0 citations
Individuals with amblyopia have been reported to perceive stimuli as distorted with the amblyopic eye, and to have stronger foveal crowding than controls without amblyopia. Previous studies on visual appearance in amblyopia often lacked a control group and did not adjust stimulus size to account for visual acuity deficits. Here, we investigated whether observers with amblyopia perceived stimuli as more distorted and whether foveal crowding influenced visual appearance more strongly than in controls, while controlling for visual acuity differences. Isolated and flanked target letters were presented foveally to the dominant/fellow and non-dominant/amblyopic eye. Stimuli were scaled relative to each eye's acuity threshold and presented at 1.0× and 1.5× threshold size. Observers replicated target appearance by selecting squares on a novel grid interface. Results showed that accuracy, structural similarity (SSIM) and perceived similarity (PSS) were lower for observers with amblyopia compared to controls (Group), for small compared to large stimuli (Size), and for flanked compared to isolated targets (Crowding). Interestingly, a significant interaction between Group and Crowding was observed only for accuracy and SSIM, but not for PSS. These results showed group differences despite controlling for acuity, suggesting that factors beyond visual acuity, such as stronger foveal crowding, contribute to visual appearance differences in amblyopia compared to controls.
Ângela Tomaz, Wolf M. Harmening, D. Levi et al.· Vision Research· 1 citation