Effect of monocular impaired visual acuity across OptonetTM and non-digital clinical stereotests

Comparative Effects of Monocular and Stereopsis Training on Visual Acuity and Stereoacuity in Children With Amblyopia.

Purpose To evaluate changes in visual acuity (VA) and stereoacuity in children with amblyopia following monocular or stereopsis training delivered alongside standard clinical care and to examine factors associated with training-related improvements in visual outcomes. Methods Forty-three children with amblyopia (7.3-14.8 years; 37 anisometropic, five strabismic, and one mixed) completed approximately 29 sessions of either monocular training (grating acuity or motion discrimination targeting the amblyopic eye, n = 23) or binocular stereopsis training (dichoptic disparity discrimination, n = 20). All participants continued standard clinical management, including optical correction and prescribed patching. Pre- and post-training assessments included amblyopic-eye VA, interocular acuity difference (IOD), and Randot stereoacuity. Results Both training protocols produced significant task-specific learning. Amblyopic-eye VA improved significantly in both groups, with no evidence of differential effects between training approaches. Stereoacuity also improved in both groups, with significantly greater gains following stereopsis training than monocular training. Exploratory analyses indicated that poorer baseline amblyopic-eye VA was associated with larger VA gains; however, this association did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Stereoacuity improvement was not significantly associated with baseline VA, IOD, age, or changes in VA. Conclusions Visual training combined with standard clinical care improved amblyopic-eye VA and stereoacuity in children with amblyopia. Although both training approaches yielded comparable gains in VA, stereopsis training produced larger improvements in stereoacuity, supporting its potential role in addressing residual binocular deficits after conventional treatment.

Visual Acuity: Comparison of ETDRS Charts Using Latin Letters, Tumbling E, or Landolt C Optotypes.

Binocular Visual Function in Children Wearing Single-Vision or Highly Aspherical Lenslet Spectacle Lenses Assessed with a Tablet-Based Dichoptic Platform

In this cross-sectional observational analysis, children wearing HAL spectacle lenses showed higher adjusted odds of measurable dynamic and gross stereopsis than those wearing single-vision lenses, while fine stereopsis remained comparable.

Effects of task explanation on stereoacuity measurements using a random-dot stereotest

Enhanced instructions with visual cues significantly improved stereoacuity outcomes beyond expected test–retest variability, highlighting the importance of instruction quality and task engagement in stereopsis assessment, which should be carefully considered in both clinical practice and research settings.

The relationship between motor fusion and stereoacuity in adults with normal binocular single vision

There was a significant relationship between convergence fusion range and stereoacuity measured using the Frisby and Real Depth stereo tests in this population of adults with normal binocular single vision.

High-Precision Assessment of Stereoacuity in Virtual Reality with STRIVE (STereo Random-dot Interactive Virtual Environment)

Accurate measurement of stereoacuity is essential for understanding binocular depth perception and its contribution to visuomotor behavior. Common clinical tests (e.g., Randot, Frisby) do not completely remove potential monocular cues to depth, are constrained by resolution limits, and are difficult to extend as printed media. Here, we present STRIVE, a real-time, depth-map-driven random-dot stereogram framework that can turn arbitrary VR scenes into disparity-isolated environments. This approach provides fine control over disparity, supports arbitrarily complex and interactive stimuli, and enables systematic manipulation of competing depth cues. In an initial test, we evaluated its utility for measuring static stereoacuity thresholds. Thirteen adults with self-reported normal binocular vision completed a three-alternative forced-choice depth discrimination task in which one of three random-dot-defined discs appeared closer than the others. Stereo thresholds were estimated in arcseconds using a 2-up-1-down adaptive staircase followed by a method of constant stimuli. The VR-based assessment yielded well-fitted psychometric functions and reliable threshold estimates across repeated blocks. Thresholds ranged from 6.9 to 28.5 arcseconds, with low within-participant variability (mean within-participant SD = 2.1 arcseconds) and good test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC(2,1)) = 0.862. In contrast, Randot thresholds suffered from floor effects and clustered at only three discrete levels, limiting sensitivity to fine individual differences. Together, these findings demonstrate that the proposed method provides a valid and reliable measure of stereoacuity while offering substantially greater precision and experimental flexibility than standard clinical tests. More broadly, this approach establishes a foundation for studying stereovision in dynamic, interactive, and ecologically relevant environments.