Take Five: harmonization in personalized cancer vaccines for cancer immunotherapy

mRNA cancer vaccines: delivery strategies, immune modulation, and clinical translation

It is suggested that the effectiveness of mRNA cancer vaccines depends not only on selecting the right antigens but also on delivery methods that modulate the immune response and reshape the tumor microenvironment.

Personalized cancer vaccines: bridging immune-oncology and precision medicine for advanced therapeutics

Next-generation personalized cancer vaccines are advancing the transition from reactive treatment to proactive, precision-controlled cancer immunotherapy, and when integrated with artificial intelligence for antigen selection and multiomics for patient stratification, these platforms accelerate vaccine design and improve precision.

Neoantigen in cancer immunotherapy: mechanism, therapeutic strategies and future perspectives.

Overall, despite existing challenges, neoantigen-targeted immunotherapies hold promise for advancing precision oncology and improving patient outcomes.

Next-Generation mRNA Cancer Vaccines: Integrating Innovative Delivery Systems, Personalized Antigen Discovery, and Future Clinical Strategies

mRNA has emerged as a transformative platform in vaccine oncology, offering rapid design, non-acquired security and powerful activation of adaptive immune. Despite encouraging preclinical and clinical results, challenges such as efficient distribution, tumor immune evasion, and patient-specific antigen selection limits their widespread clinical translations. We systematically reviewed preclinical studies and clinical trials examining mRNA vaccines in various cancer, including glioblastoma, melanoma, lungs, breasts, digestive systems, ovarian, prostate, kidney and hematological malignancies. Comparative analysis were carried out between mRNA, DNA and peptide vaccine platforms. Additionally, we critically examined the tumor resistance mechanism and proposed the next generation strategies, including the nanometer-based delivery system, self-ampliming mRNA (saRNA), and bioinformatics-operated antigen discovery, which are using single-cell sequencing. Clinical trials continuously display the safety and immunity of mRNA vaccines, with a strong induction of CD8+ T cell reactions and cancer types. However, efficacy outcomes remain variable, with strongest responses in high-mutation-burden tumors such as melanoma and NSCLC, and limited benefit in low-mutation-burden tumors such as prostate and ovarian cancers. Our ideological structure introduces the integration of mRNA vaccines with car-T cells and monoclonal antibodies to remove tumor immune resistance. In addition, we present an accurate algorithm, taking advantage of scRNA-seq for patient-specific neostagen selection, and highlight the benefits of saRNA in increasing antigen expression with low dosage requirements. mRNA vaccine represents a rapidly growing frontier in cancer immunotherapy, yet their success will depend on addressing biological and translation obstacles. This review synthesizes not only current clinical evidence, but also provides innovative conceptual models and future instructions that may redefine the design of the next generation cancer vaccines. By bridging advances in nanotechnology, computational biology and adaptive clinical trial designs, the task offers a roadmap to achieve sustainable, individual and widely accessible cancer immunotherapy.

Past achievements and future perspectives of personalized vaccines and the role of dendritic cells

Recent advances of anticancer nanomaterial vaccine platforms.

Although cancer vaccines have been proposed for decades, their clinical outcomes have remained largely unsatisfactory. Over the past decade, progress in deciphering the interaction between the immune system and cancer, along with widespread adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies and improved MHC-peptide binding affinity prediction, have revitalized interest in cancer vaccine development. Nanomaterials benefit from the integration of tunable composition, modular architecture, and immunologically relevant dimensions, which collectively enable the rational design of immunomodulatory strategies tailored on demand, ensuring the reliable induction of antitumor immune responses. Given the spatiotemporal nature of immune responses, multifunctional nanomaterials can be further engineered to enable multivalent antigen presentation and controlled vaccine trafficking, thereby confining antitumor immune activation to desired contexts and minimizing off-target immune-related toxicities. Beyond conventional discussions of antigen delivery, this review emphasizes how rational nanomaterial design can be leveraged to regulate multiple stages of the cancer-immunity cycle, providing an updated perspective on the development of next-generation cancer vaccines. This Review will systematically summarize recent advances in nanomaterial-based cancer vaccines and discuss the key challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.